Sinhalese upa (29)
According to Clough’s Sinhala English Dictionary, upa is a particle and prefix to verbs. It means “implying excess, over, above, near, by the side of, together with, inferiority, secondary, lower, likeness, resemblance, disease, extinction, ornament, command, reproof, astonishment, giving, diffusion, wish, desire, effort, and exertion.” It traces its origin to the Tamil root uppu through the transformation of uppu > úpa > upa. The following words, related to Sinhalese upa, also originate from Tamil uppu.
upakrama, “stratagem, overreaching; deliberate commencement or undertaking; providing means and anticipating consequences; beginning in general; valour; trying the fidelity of a friend.” upakaraṇa, “implements, materials, means; provisions for a journey; insignia of royalty.” upakárya, “deserving assistance or favour.” upakáraya, “help, assistance, favour, protection (in Sanskrit authors it sometimes means a flower full blown).” upaniṣraya, “happiness, fortune.” upagata, “come to; promised, agreed.” upagama, “approach, approximation; promise, agreement.” upacharita, “served, ministered to.” upachára, “being or living near to; practice, profession, usage, service, assistance; present, bribe; practice of physic; ellipsis.” upajiwha, “uvula or soft palate; kind of insect; disease, enlargement of the uvula.” upadan, “pillow.” upadhána, “pillow, kindness, affection; poison; religious observance.” upanidhi, “deposit, pledge, property put into the care of a friend.” upaniṣrita, “with, united, joined.” upamá, “like, to measure.” upamána, “likeness, resemblance as.” upamáwa, “picture, an image etc., parable, simile.” upayanawá, “to amass, as money or wealth, to collect, to procure, to earn.” upalabdhi, “gain, acquisition; mind, understanding, knowledge, especially religious.” upawana, “kind of garden, grove, wilderness bordering a village.” upastambha, “service rendered to persons of respectability, support of life.” upasthánaya, “standing by; rite of hospitality.” upastháyakayá, “attendant, servant, one employed to serve a person of great respectablility.” upasaṇkramaṇa, “approaching, going to.” upasarga, “portent, omen, indication of future evil; particle prefixed to roots; preposition.” upádhyáya, “spiritual preceptor.” upásaka, “worshipping, serving.” upásakayá, “one devoted to religious exercises, strict Buddhist, lay devotee.”