Sanskrit úpa (97)
According to Monier-Williams’ A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, úpa is a preposition or prefix to verbs and nouns. It means “towards, near to, by the side of, with, together with, under, down, direction towards, nearness, contiguity in space, time, number, degree, resemblance, and relationship.” It traces its origin to the Tamil root uppu. This uppu changes into úpa in Sanskrit through the transformation of uppu > úpa. The following words, related to Sanskrit úpa, also originate from Tamil uppu. The words with the prefix úpa are condensed, and approximately 90 to 100 words are given below for reference.
upa-kakshá, “reaching to the shoulder; being under the armpit.” upa-kaksham, “the hair under the armpit.” upa-kaṇṭha, “being upon the neck or near the throat; being in the proximity of, proximate, near.” upa-kaṇṭham, “proximity, neighbourhood, contiguous space, space near a village or its boundary; a horse’s gallop, towards the neck, round the neck.” upa-kanishṭhikā, “the finger next to the little finger, the last finger but one.” upa-kanya-puram, “near the women’s apartments.” upa-karṇam, “near the ear, close to the ear.” upakarṇikā, “that which goes from ear to ear, rumour, report.” upa-kalāpam, “near the girdle, down to the girdle.” upa-kāntam, “near a friend, near a lover or a loved one.” upakāṡa, “aurora, dawn; aspect, appearance.” upa-kīpa, “a small well.” upa-kīpe, “near a well.” upa-jalâṡaya, “a trough near a well for watering cattle.” upa-karoti, upa-kurute, “to bring or put near to, furnish with, provide; to assist, help, favour, benefit, cause to succeed or prosper; to foster, take care of; to serve, do homage to; to undertake, begin, set about; to scold, insult.” upa-kriya, “the act of bringing near to; favour, assistance, help, benefit, service; means, expedient; remedy.” upa-karshaṇa, “the act of drawing or dragging near.” upa-karsham, “drawing near or towards one’s self, seizing.” upa-koṇa, “an intermediate point of the compass.” upa-kramaṇa, “approaching; complying with, granting.” upa-kramya, “having approached; having undertaken or commenced.” upa-krīḍati, “to play or dance around.” upa-kshīyate, “to waste away, decay, be consumed or exhausted.” upa-kshít, “dwelling near; clinging to, adhering.” upa-khātam, “near the ditch.” upa-ga, “approaching, going towards; being or staying in or on; following, belonging to; fit for, conducive to; approached; furnished with.” upa-gati, “approach, going near; undergoing.” upa-gamanam, “the act of going towards, approaching, attaining; the act of coming near, perceiving; undertaking, addicting one’s self to.” upa-gāmin, “coming near, approaching, arriving.” upa-jigamishu, “wishing or desiring to go near.” upa-giram, “near or at a mountain.” upa-gṛihṇāti, “to seize from below; to hold under, put under; to support; to collect a fluid (by holding a vessel under); to seize, take possession of, take, obtain; to subdue, become master of; to draw near (to one’s self); to conciliate, propitiate; to take as one’s ally; to comprehend; to take up again, renew; to accept, approve.” upa-catura, “almost four, nearly four.” upa-cinoti, “to gather together; to heap up, collect, hoard up, accumulate; to increase, strengthen; to pour over, cover, overload.” upa-jarasam, “towards or near old age.” upa-jānu, “in or near the knee.” upa-jihvā, “the epiglottis; an abscess on the underside of the tongue; a kind of ant.” upa-taṭam, “near the slope; near the bank.” upa-tsárya, “having approached stealthily, creeping near.” upa-daṡa, “nearly ten, almost ten.” upa-dravati, “to run near or towards; to run at, rush at, oppress, assault, attack.” upa-hita, “put on or upon, placed, deposited, put into; joining, connected with; mixed; resting or depending upon, having as a condition; used, employed for; brought near, handed over, given.” upa-nagaram, “a suburb; near the city.” upa-bhava, “being near the city, near the city.” upa-nadam, “near the river, on the river.” upa-nidhāna, “the act of putting down near to, putting by the side of; a deposit.” upa-nihita, “placed or put down near to, placed or put before; put down, kept; deposited, intrusted.” upa-ni-pádyamāna, “to lie down at the side of.” upa-ni-pādayati, “to cause to lie down at the side of; to lay down at.” upa-ni-ṡrayati, “to go near or to the side of.” upa-ni-ṡrayate, “to cling to, lean against.” upa-nishādín, “staying or sitting near at hand.” upa-nayati, upa-niyate, “to lead or drive near, bring near, bring, adduce, offer; to bring information, communicate; to lead or bring near to one's self, take possession of; to lead, guide; to initiate into one of the twice-born classes by investing with the sacred thread.” upa-netavya, “to be brought near; to be applied.” upa-netṛi, “one who brings near.” upa-netā, “the spiritual preceptor.” upa-patati, “to fly near, hasten towards.” upa-mīlám, “on or at the root.” upa-prãgāt, “to step near to, approach.” upa-bṛih, “to press with the arms or cling closely (to a man); to embrace closely or passionately.” upa-bhṛita, “brought near, procured for; destined to.” upabhṛitôpaṡama, “one to whom calmness of mind is brought, calm, quiet.” upa-mantrayati, upa-mantrayate, “to call near or towards one’s self, call hither, induce to come near; to summon, invite, persuade; to address.” upayāpana, “the act of causing to come near, leading near.” upara, “situated below, under; posterior, later; nearer, approximate.” upa-rāmam, “near Rāma.” upári, “above, upon, on, upwards, towards the upper side of; besides, in addition to, further; afterwards.” upari-ga, “moving or soaring above.” upari-ja, “growing upwards or out, protuberant.” upari-tas, “over, above.” upari-nyasta, “put down or laid over.” upari-bhāga, “the upper portion or side.” upari-ṡayaná, “an elevated resting-place.” upa-līyate, “to lie close to, cling to.” upa-vanam, “near a wood, in the wood.” upa-vahati, “to bring or lead or convey near; to bring near, procure; to adduce.” upa-vāhya, “to be brought near; serving for driving or riding, serving as a vehicle.” upôḍha, “brought near, effected, appeared.” upa-vindhya, “the land near the Vindhya mountain.” upa-vṛitta, “come near, approached; come back, brought back, recovered; a circle in a particular position relatively to another one.” upa-vrajam, “near a cattle pen.” upa-ṡalya, “a small spear or lance tipped with iron.” upa-ṡalyam, “a neighbouring district, environs, the ground near a village; the ground at the base or edge of a mountain.” upa-ṡālam, “near a house.” upa-ṡunam, “near a dog.” upa-saṃgata, “come together, assembled; united, joined.” upa-sādita, “caused to come near, led near, conveyed to.” upa-sarati, “to go towards step near, approach, visit; to set about, undertake.” upa-sthita, “come near, approached, arisen, arrived, appeared; present, near at hand, ready for, impending.” upa-pracupita, “name of a particular metre.” upa-vaktṛi, “a ready speaker, an eloquent man.” upa-saṃprahāra, “being about to engage in battle, having battle at hand.” upa-harati, “to bring near, reach forth, proffer, offer, place before, give to taste; to put together, gather, collect; to take away; to destroy.”