Pali kakkasa (18)
According to Davids and Stede’s Pali-English Dictionary, Pali word kakkasa means “rough, hard, and harsh.” It is an offshoot of the Tamil root kaṭu (strength) through the transformation of kaṭu (strength) > kar > karkaṡa > kakkasa. The following words, related to Pali kakkasa, also originate from Tamil kaṭu (strength).
kakkaṭaka, “a crab.” kakkaṭaka-magga, “fissures in canals; frequented by crabs.” kakkaṭaka-yantaka, “a ladder with hooks at one end for fastening it to a wall.” kakkaṭaka-rasa, “a flavour made from crabs, crab-curry.” kakkaratā, “roughness, harshness, deceitfulness.” kakkariya, “harshness.” kakkasa, “rough, hard, harsh, especially of speech.” kakkassa, “roughness.” kakkhaḷa, “rough, hard, harsh; cruel, fierce, pitiless.” akakkhaḷa, “not hard or harsh, smooth, pleasant.” kakkhaḷa-kathā, “hard speech, cruel words.” kakkhaḷa-kamma, “cruelty, atrocity.” kakkhaḷa-bhāva, “rigidity; harshness, cruelty.” kakkhaḷatā, “hardness, rigidity.” akakkhaḷatā, “absence of roughness, pleasantness.” kakkhalatta, “hardness, roughness, harshness.” kakkhaḷiya, “hardness, rigidity, roughness.”