பாலி அகராதி

1. Ka$la:
2. Kāla (and Kāḷa) — Preliminary. 1. dark (syn. kaṇha, whichcp. for meaning and applications), black, blueblack, misty,cloudy. Its proper sphere of application is the dark as opposedto light, and it is therefore characteristic of all phenomena orbeings belonging to the realm of darkness, as the night, thenew moon, death, ghosts, etc. — There are two etymologiessuggestible, both of which may have been blended since IndoAryantimes: (a) kāla=Sk. kāla, blue — black, kālī blackcloud from *qāl (with which conn. *qel in kalanka, spot,kalusa dirty, kammāsa speckled, Gr. κελαινός, Mhg. hilwemist)=Lat. cālidus spot, Gr. κηλίς spot, and κηλάς dark cloud;cp. Lat. cālīgo mist, fog, darkness. — (b) see below, undernote. — Hence. 2. the morning mist, or darkness precedinglight, daybreak, morning (cp. E. morning=Goth. maúrginstwilight, Sk. marka eclipse, darkness; and also gloaming=gleaming=twilight), then: time in general, esp. a fixedtime, a point from or to which to reckon, i. e. term or terminus(a quo or ad quem). — Note. The definition of colour— expressions is extremely difficult. To a primitive colour— sense the principal difference worthy of notation is that betweendark and light, or dull and bright, which in their expressions,however, are represented as complements for which thesame word may be used in either sense of the complementarypart (dark for light and vice versa, cp. E. gleam > gloom). Allwe can say is that kāla belongs to the group of expressionsfor dark which may be represented simultaneously by black, blue, or brown. That on the other hand, black, when polishedor smooth, supplies also the notion of "shining" is evidencedby kāḷa and kaṇha as well, as e. g. by *skei in Sk. chāyā=Gr.σκιά shadow as against Ags. hāēven "blue" (E. heaven) andOhg. skīnan, E. to shine and sky. The psychological value ofa colour depends on its light — reflecting (or light-absorbing) quality. A bright black appears lighter (reflects more light) than a dull grey, therefore a polished (añjana) black (=sukāḷa) may readily be called "brilliant." In the same way kāla, combinedwith other colour — words of black connotation does notneed to mean "black," but may mean simply a kind of black, i. e. brown. This depends on the semasiological contrast orequation of the passage in question. Cp. Sk. śyāma (dark —grey) and śyāva (brown) under kāsāya. That the notion of thespeckled or variegated colour belongs to the sphere of black, ispsychologically simple (: dark specks against a light ground, cp. kammāsa), and is also shown by the second etymology ofkāla=Sk. śāra, mottled, speckled=Lat. caerulus, black — blueand perhaps caelum "the blue" (cp. heaven) =Gr. κηρύλος theblue ice — bird. (On k > s cp. kaṇṇa > śṛṇga, kilamati > śramati, kilissati > ślis°, etc.) The usual spelling of kāla as kāḷaindicates a connection of the ḷ with the r of śāra. — The definitionof kāḷa as jhām' angārasadisa is conventional and is usedboth by Bdhgh. and Dhpāla: DhsA 317 and PvA 90.1. Kāḷa, dark, black, etc., in enumn of colours Vv 221 (seeVvA 111). na kāḷo samaṇo Gotamo, na pi sāmo: mangura —cchavi samano G. "The ascetic Gotamo is neither black norbrown: he is of a golden skin" M i.246; similarly as kāḷī vāsāmā vā manguracchavī vā of a kalyāṇī, a beautiful womanat D I.193= M. ii.40; kāḷa — sāma at Vin iv.120 is to betaken as dark — grey. — Of the dark half of the month: see°pakkha, or as the new moon: āgame kāḷe "on the next newmoon day" Vin i.176. — of Petas: Pv ii.41 (kāḷī f.); PvA 561(°rūpa); of the dog of Yama (°sunakha) PvA 151. — In otherconnn: kāḷavaṇṇa — bhūmi darkbrown (i. e. fertile) soil Vini.48=ii.209.-añjana black collyrium Vini.203; -ânusārī black, (polished?)Anusāri ("a kind of dark, fragrant sandal wood" Vin.Texts ii.51) Vin i.203; S iii.156=v.44= A v.22; -ayasa black(dark) iron (to distinguish it from bronze, Rh. D., Miln trsl.ii.364; cp. blacksmith > silversmith) Miln 414, 415; -kañjakaa kind of Asuras, Titans D iii.7; J v.187; PvA 272; -kaṇṇī"black — cared," as an unlucky quality. Cp. iii.611; J i.239;iv.189; v.134, 211; vi.347; DhA i.307; ii.26; the vision of the237"black — eared" is a bad omen, which spoils the luck of ahunter, e. g. at DhA iii.31 (referring here to the sight of abhikkhu); as "witch" PvA 272; DhA iii.38, 181; as k — k.sakuṇa, a bird of ill omen J ii.153; -kaṇṇika= prec.; -kabaraspotted, freckled J vi.540; -kesa (adj.) with glossy or shinyhair, by itself (kāḷa — kesa) rare, e. g. at J vi.578; usuallyin cpd. susukāḷa — kesa "having an over — abundance ofbrilliant hair" said of Gotama. This was afterwards appliedfiguratively in the description of his parting from home, risingto a new life, as it were, possessed of the full strength andvigour of his manhood (as the rising Sun). Cp. the Shamash— Saga, which attributes to the Sun a wealth of shiny, glossy(=polished, dark) hair (=rays), and kāḷa in this connection is tobe interpreted just as kaṇha (q. v.) in similar combinations (e.g. as Kṛṣṇa Hṛṣīkesa or Kesavā). On this feature of the Sun —god and various expressions of it see ample material in Palmer,The Samson Saga pp. 33 — 46. — The double application ofsu° does not offer any difficulty, sukāḷa is felt as a simplex inthe same way as εὐπλοκαμός or duh° in combns like sudubbalaPvA 149, sudullabha VvA 20. Bdhgh. already interprets thecpd. in this way (DA i.284=suṭṭhu — k°, añjana-vaṇṇa k° vahutvā; cp. kaṇh — añjana J v.155). Cp. also siniddha — nīla— mudu — kuñcita — keso J i.89, and sukaṇhakaṇha J v.202.— susukāḷakesa of others than the Buddha: M ii.66. Moderneditors and lexicographers see in susu° the Sk. śiśu youngof an animal, cub, overlooking the semantical difficulty involvedby taking it as a separate word. This mistake has beenapplied to the compound at all the passages where it is found,and so we find the reading susu kāḷakeso at M i.82=A ii.22 =Jii.57; M i.163=A i.68=S i.9, 117; also in Childers' (relyingon Burnouf), or even susū k° at S iv.111; the only passagesshowing the right reading susu — k° are D i.115, M i.463.Konow under susu J.P.T.S. 1909, 212 has both. -kokila theblack (brown) cuckoo VvA 57; -jallika (kāḷi° for kāḷa°) havingblack drops or specks (of dirt) A i.253; -daṇḍa a blackstaff, Sdhp 287 (attr. to the messengers of Yama, cp. Yama ashaving a black stick at Śat. Br. xi. 6, 1, 7 and 13); -pakkhathe dark side, i. e. moonless fortnight of the month A ii.18;— ° cātuddasī the 14th day of the dark fortnight PvA 55; —° ratti a moonless night VvA 167; (opp. dosina r.) -meyyaa sort of bird J vi.539; -loṇa black (dark) salt Vin i.202 (Bdhgh.pakati — loṇa, natural salt); -loha "black metal," ironore Miln 267; -valli a kind of creeper Vism 36, 183. -sīha aspecial kind of lion J iv.208. -sutta a black thread or wire, acarpenter's measuring line J ii.405; Miln 413; also N. of a Purgatory(nivaya) J v.266. See Morris J.P.T.S. 1884, 76 — 78;-hatthin "black elephant," an instrument of torture in AvīciSdhp 195.Kāḷa see kāla 1.
3. Kāḷaka (adj.) [fr. kāḷa] black, stained; in enumeration of coloursat Dhs 617 (of rūpa) with nīla, pītaka, lohitaka, odāta, k°, mañjeṭṭha;of a robe A ii.241; f. kāḷikā VvA 103; — (nt.) a blackspot, a stain, also a black grain in the rice, in apagata° withouta speck or stain (of a clean robe) D i.110=A iv.186=210=213;vicita° (of rice) "with the black grains removed" D i.105; Aiv.231; Miln 16; vigata° (same) A iii.49. — A black spot (ofhair) J v.197 (=kaṇha — r — iva). — Fig. of character DhAiv.172.

1. Giri:

Giri [Vedic giri, Obulg. gora mou14.ntain] a mountain; as a rule onlyin cpds, by itself (poetical) only at Vism 206 (in enumn of the7 large mountains). -agga mountain top, in giraggasamajja N. of a festival celebratedyearly at Rājagaha, orig. a festival on the mountaintop (cp. Dial. i.8 & Vin. Texts iii.71). Vin ii.107, 150; iv.85,267; J iii.538; DhA i.89. The BSk. version is girivaggu —samāgama AvŚ ii.24; -kannikā (f.) N. of a plant (Clitoria ternatea)Vism 173; DhA i.383 (v. l. kaṇṇikā cp. Sk. °karnī;)-gabbhara=°guhā Sn 416; -guhā a mountain cleft, a rift, agorge; always in formula pabbata kandara g°, therefore almostequivalent to kandara, a grotto or cave Vin ii.146; D i.71= Mi.269, 274, 346, 440=A ii.210=Pug 59 (as giriṁ guhaṁ); Aiv.437; expl. at DA i.210: dvinnaṁ pabbatānaṁ antaraṁ ekasmiṁyeva vā ummagga — sadisaṁ mahā — vivaraṁ; -bbaja(nt.) [Etym. uncertain, according to Morris J.P.T.S. 1884, 79to vaja "a pen," cp. Marāthī vraja "a station of cowherds,"Hindi vraja "a cow — pen"; the Vedic giribhraj° (RV. x.68.1) "aus Bergen hervorbrechend" (Roth) suggests relation tobhraj, to break=bhañj=Lat. frango]=°guhā, a mountain caveor gorge, serving as shelter & hiding place J iii.479 (trsl. byMorris loc. cit. a hill — run, a cattle — run on the hills); v.260(sīhassa, a lion's abode) expld as kañcanaguhā ibid. (for kandara— guhā? cp. Kern, Toev. p. 130). S ii.185. Also N. forRājagaha Sn 408; Dpvs v.5; in its Sk. form Girivraja, whichBeal, Buddh. Records ii.149 expls as "the hill — surrounded,"cp. ib. ii.158 (=Chin. Shan — Shing), 161; see also Cunningham,Ancient Geogr. 462. It does not occur in the Avadānas;-rājā king of the mountains, of Mount Sineru Miln 21, 224;-sikhara mountain top, peak VvA 4; (kañcana°, shining).         

1. Ka$nanam:
2. Kānana (nt.) [cp. Sk. kānana] a glade in the forest, a grove,wood Sn 1134 (=Nd2 s. v. vanasaṇḍa); Th 2, 254 (=ThA 210upavana); J vi.557; Sdhp 574.

1. Kr@ishn@a:
2. Kanha (adj.) [cp. Vedic kṛṣṇa, Lith. kérszas] dark, black, asattr. of darkness, opposed to light, syn. with kāḷa (q. v. foretym.); opp. sukka. In general it is hard to separate the lit.and fig. meanings, an ethical implication is to be found inearly all cases (except 1.). The contrast with sukka (brightness)goes through all applications, with ref. to light as wellas quality. I. Of the sense of sight: k-sukka dark & bright(about black & white see nīla & seta), forming one systemof coloursensations (the colourless, as distinguished from thered — green and yellow — blue systems). As such enumd inconnection with quasi definition of vision, together with nīla,pīta, lohita, mañjeṭṭha at D ii.328=M i.509 sq. =ii.201 (seealso mañjeṭṭha). — II. (objective). 1. of dark (black), poisonoussnakes: kaṇhā (f.) J ii.215 (=kāḷa — sappa C); °sappaJ i.336; iii.269, 347; v.446; Vism 664 (in simile); Miln 149;PvA 62; °sīsā with black heads A iii.241 (kimī). — 2. of (anabundance of) smooth, dark (=shiny) hair (cp. in meaning E.gloom: gloss=black: shiny), as Ep. of King Vasudeva Pv ii.61,syn. with Kesavā (the Hairy, cp. ᾿*Απόλλων *Οὐλαϊος Samson,etc., see also siniddha —, nīla —, kāla — kesa). sukaṇha— sīsa with very dark hair J v.205, also as sukaṇha — kaṇha— sīsa J v.202 (cp. susukāḷa). °jaṭi an ascetic with dark &glossy hair J vi.507, cp. v.205 sukaṇhajaṭila. °añjana glossypolish J v.155 (expld as sukhumakaṇha — lom' ācitattā). —3. of the black trail of fire in °vattanin (cp. Vedic kṛṣṇa —vartaniṁ agniṁ R. V. viii.23, 19) S i.69=J iii.140 (cp. iii.9); Jv.63. — 4. of the black (fertile) soil of Avanti "kaṇh — uttara"black on the surface Vin i.195. — III. (Applied). 1. °pakkhathe dark (moonless) half of the month, during which the spiritsof the departed suffer and the powers of darkness prevail PvA135, cp. Pv iii.64, see also pakkha1 3. — 2. attr. of all darkpowers and anything belonging to their sphere, e. g. of MāraSn 355, 439 (=Namuci); of demons, goblins (pisācā) D i.93with ref. to the "black — born" ancestor of the Kaṇhāyanas(cp. Dh i.263 kāḷa — vaṇṇa), cp. also kāḷa in °sunakha, theDog of Purgatory PvA 152. — 3. of a dark, i. e. miserable,unfortunate birth, or social condition D iii.81 sq. (brāhmanova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇho añño vaṇṇo). °abhijāti a specialspecies of men according to the doctrine of Gosāla DAi.162; A iii.383 sq. °abhijātika "of black birth," of low socialgrade D iii.251=A. iii.384; Sn 563; cp. Th 1, 833 and P.T.S.1893, 11; in the sense of "evil disposition" at J v.87 (expldas kāḷaka — sabhāva). — 4. of dark, evil actions or qualities:°dhamma A v.232=Dh 87; D iii.82; Sn 967; Pug 30;Miln 200, 337; °paṭipadā J i.105, and °magga the evil wayA v.244, 278; °bhāvakara causing a low (re — )birth J iv.9(+ pāpa — kammāni), and in same context as dhamma combdwith °sukka at A iv. 33; Sn 526 (where kaṇhā° for kaṇha°):Miln 37; °kamma "black action" M i.39; °vipāka black result,4 kinds of actions and 4 results, viz. kaṇha°, sukka°, kaṇhasukka°,akaṇha-asukka° D iii.230=M i.389 sq.=A ii.230 sq.;Nett 232. akaṇha 1. not dark, i. e. light, in °netta with brighteyes, Ep. of King Pingala — netta J ii.242 in contrast withMāra (although pingala — cakkhu is also Ep. of Māra or hisrepresentatives, cp. J v.42; Pv ii.41). — 2. not evil, i. e. goodA ii.230, 231. — atikaṇha very dark Vin iv.7; sukaṇha id.see above ii.2.

1. Gardabha

Gadrabha [Vedic gardabha., Lat. burdo, a mule; see Walde Lat. Wtb., s. v.] an ass, donkey Vin v.129; M i.334; A i.229; J ii.109, 110; v.453; DA i.163. — f. gadrabhī J ii.340. -bhāraka a donkey load J ii.109; DhA i.123; -bhāva the fact of being an ass J ii.110; — rava (& — rāva) the braying of an ass ibid. & Vism 415.

சிங்களம்

1. Ka$la
2. Kála, time; quarter; name of Yama regent of the dead; black (colour,) death; form of S@iva; iron; black agallochum.
3. Kálakan@t@ha, s, (black, neck or throat) name of S@iva; waterfowl, gallinule; sparrow; peacock; tree, pentaptera tomentosa.
4. Kálakan@n@@i, miserable, unfortunate unlucky, wretched, unhappy.
5. Kálakan@n@iyá, miserable person.
6. Kálakhan~jana,

     Kálakhan@d@a, s. liver.

6. Kálan~jara, name of Siva; also of a country, the modem Kallinjer; an assembly or collection of religious mendicants; Kallinjer is one of the places at which such assemblies meet, being enumerated m the Védas amongst the Tapasyastbánas or places adapted to practices of austere devotion.
7. Kálapakshaya, (black, side) the moon’s wane.
8. Kálama, magic black art, actions performed  by the agency of the devil.
9. Kálamukha, (black, mouth) monkey [Colloquial wan\durá or rilawá].
10. Kála-lawan@a, factitious and  purgative salt.
11. Kála-loha, (black and metal) iron.
12. Kálawarn@a, black (colour).
13. Kálasin@ha, (lion) bear [Colloq. walasá].
14. Kálahan@sa, black swan.
15. Kálágaru, black kind of aloe wood  or  agallochum.
16. Káláyas, iron.
17. Káli, name of Durgá  the wife of S@iva.
18. Kálika, curlew; black kind of sandal; multitude of clouds; dark cloud threatening rain; fog or mist; goddess Gauri; form of Chan@d@i or Durgá; female singer of swarga; blackness; black colour; fault or flaw in gold, etc.; black scorpion; spikenard; line of hair extending to the navel; female crow; ink; in proper time.
19. Ke@liya, black (the colour) ; plant, grewia microcos ( Tiliacea).
20. Ke@lé-Kond@ayá, black bulbul, hypsipetes ganeesa (Brachypodidce order Passeres).
21. Kal@u, name of Vishn@u; a. pleasing, agreeable; black, blue, ect.
22. Kal@u-agil, tree, aquilaria agallochum.
23. Kal@u-attana, species of the thorn apple, datura fastuosa.
24. Kal@u-álan@gá, plant, ipomaea bananox.
25. Kal@u-ingiriyáwa, pupil of the eye.
26. Kal@u-ukgas, species of the sugar cane.
27. Kal@u-un@a, common bamboo, Bambusavulgaris.
28. Kal@u- óráwá, brown surgeon fish, Acanthiru maloides.
29. Kal@u-kan\da, tree, embryapteris glutinifera.
30. Kal@u-kan\dala, plant. arum colocasia.
31. Kal@u-kad@umbériya, tree, diospyros oocarpa (Ebenacece).
32. Kal@u-kanmériya, plant, species of night shade, solanum nigrum.
33. Kal@u-karawalá, kind of  snake.
34. Kal@u-kihiri, s, tree, species of
35. Kal@ukumá, turkey fowl.
36. Kal@u-kuhum\bi, small black ant.
37. Kal@u-koká, black bittern; see karawe@l-koká.
38. Kal@u-kollu, sort of gram, glycine villosa.
39. Kal@u-ké@ra, plant, gonithalamus thwaitesii (Anonaceae).
40. Kalugala, common black granite, pl kal@ugal.
41. Kal@u-gasmiris, plant, capricum futesans.
42. Kal@u-ge@ran\d@iyá, black rat snake.
43. Kal@u-tala, see talá.
44. Kal@u-talá, tree, nyctanthes arbor tristis.
45. Kal@u-timbiri, tree, diospyros melanoxylon.
46. Kal@u-dam\bala, negro kidney bean.
47. Kal@u-dan\d@ule@ná, black hillsquirrel, Sciurus Tennettii.
48. Kal@uduru, (black, cummin) black cummin seed, nigella indica.
49. Kal@udé@wá, ass.
50. Kal@u-nayá, black cobra.
51. Kal@u-nika, tree, sort of vitex.
52. Kal@u-pollichchá, black robin, thamnobia fulicata, (order Passeres.)
53. Kal@u-polan\gá, black viper.
54. Kal@u-badulla, species of the marking nut plant, semecarpus obovatum.
55. Kal@umadinawá, to blacken the letters written  on ólas: pret. kal@ume@ddá.
56. Kal@u-masun, kind of black fish.
57. Kal@u-mímá, black buffalo, Bubalusarni.
58. Kal@u-máyá, black rat, Mus rattus.
59. Kal@u- muwá, (black, deer or mouth) dark kind of deer; monkey.
60. Kal@ume@diriya, tree, diospyros oppositifolia (Ebenaceoe); commonly called calamander wood.
61. Kal@u-rate,

Kal@u-ratu, s. (black, red) mixture of black and red, purple.

62. Kal@u-rájáliyá, black kite eagle, neopus malayensis, (order Accipiters.)
63. Kal@u-rábu, black radish.
64. Kal@uriya, death, [Colloquial: maran@aya].
65. Kal@uriyakaran@awá, v. to die.
66. Kal@u-lun@u, kind of black salt used in the preparation of  medicine.
67. Kal@uwat@a, kind of radish, Raphanus sativus.
68. Kal@u-wan\durá, black monkey, Ceylon laugar, semnopithicus cephalopterus.
69. Kal@uwara, ebony; a. dark.
70. Kal@uwara-depóya, two dark quarters of the moon.
71. Kal@u-walgahala, plant.
72. Kal@u-wawule@t@iya, bonduc or nicker  tree, guilandina bonduc.
73. Kal@uwá,

Kal@uwála, s. tuberous plant kind of turmeric alpinia galanga  (Scitaminece) great  galangal ; medicinal root.

74. Kal@uwel@u, venom, poison.
75. Kal@u-we@t@akol@u, plant momordica cylindrica.
76. Kal@uwe@l, odoriferous creeper.
77. Kal@u-habaraa, s. tree maba buxifoila (Ebenaceoe).
78. Kal@uhara, see kal@uwara.
79. Kal@uhis walasá, (balck, hisa head, bear) hyena.
80. Kalaba, (black, aba cloud) rainy cloud.
81. Kalahasa, (black goose) goose with black feet and bill; swan.
83. Giri:

1. Gira, rock; vomiting.
2. Giri, s. small rat; mouse; act of swallowing; mountain, hill; disease of the eyes: wooden ball for playing with: a. venerable, respectable.
3. Girikan@t@aka, (mountain, thorn) Indra's thunderbolt, referring to its splitting or tearing the rocks.
4. Girikandara, cave, cavern.
5. Girikarn@n@i, s. plant ipomoea zeylanica; another plant clitoria tornatea, [Colloq. kat@arol@u].
6. Girikul@a, large rock, mountain, rock.
7. Girigabbhára, natural or artificial cave in a rock.
8. Girijwara, (jwara heat or what burns) the thunder  bolt.
9. Girija, (ja born) talc; benzoin or gum benjamin; iron [Colloq galmada].
10. Girijá, (derived as before) the mountain born, a gum resin, styrax; one of the names of Párvat, as daughter of the personified Himálaya mountain; pumplemose, citrus decumana; plant, a white species of rásná. [Colloq. wanamora].
11. Girijámala, (girija mountain born amala clear) talc.
12. Giritalá, the summit of a rock; plant kind of basil.
13. Girin\du, king or chief of mountains, Mount Méru; one of the names  of S@iva.
14. Giriniwes, fabulous mountain Kailása, the residence of S@iva.
15. Girimána, (mountain, a measure) that which resembles a mountain in bulk, a large and powerful elephant.
16. Girimékhala, s. (formed from the same primitives as girmána) an elephant resembling a mountain in bulk, e. the elephant of Márayá, the noted demon and opposer of Buddha in his assumption of the sacred office of Buddhaship.
17. Girirada, s. one of the six  names  of Mahá-mé
18. Girilena, natural or artificial cave in a rock.
19. Giriwas, name of S@iva; lion.
20. Giris@a, (s@i to sleep) name of S@iva, in allusion to his inhabiting the mountain Kailási, or frequenting the Himálaya range of mountains.
21. Giris@r@inga, (mountain, peak) name of Gan@ésa alluding to his bulk.
22. Girisa, see Giris@a.
23. Girisaturu, s (saturu an enemy) unicorn, alluding to the fable of his piercing the rocks with his horn. [Colloq. Kan\gawén@á].
24. Girisára, (sára essence) iron; tin; name of the Malaya mountains situated in the south of India.
25. Girisikhara, summit of a rock or mountain; cave in a rock.
26. Girisutá, párvati, wife of S@iva.
27. Girihad@u, barren place, wilderness.
28. Gala, stone, rock; throat, neck; rope; kind of resin; sort of reed, saccharum cylindncum: musical instrument; kind of fish, sort of gilt head, pl. gal.
29. Galatala, (stone, plane) surface of a stone.

Galamuwá, a. made of stone; kind of sea fish; kind of deer.

1. Ka$nana:
2. Kánana, forest grove.

1. Kr@ishn@a:
2. Kin@ukat@a, (black, kan@tha neek) name of S@iva.
3. Kin@umaga, (black resembling charcoal, way) fire.
4. Kin@umas, fresh water fish of a darkcolour.
5. Kr@ishn@a, in Hindu mythology Kr@ishn@a is considered the most celebrated form of Vishn@u or rather Vishn@u himself; in that form he is however distinct from the ten avatárs or incarnations of Vishn@u, being always identified with the deity himself; one of the names of Arjuna the charioteer of the sun; kókila or Indian cuckoo; crow; kind of fruit, carissa carandas; [Colloq maha-karam\ba], black or dark blue; black pepper; blue vitriol; iron; sin.
6. Kr@ishn@a-karma, s. (black, action) guilt, sin, criminality.
7. Kr@ishn@a-káka, raven.
8. Kr@ishn@a-kánta, black (colour) or dark blue.
9. Kr@ishn@a-kámbóji, blue lotus.
10. Kr@ishn@a-jíraka, (jiraka cummin seed) plant having a small black seed which is used for medical and culinary purposes, nigella indica, [Colloq kaluduru].
11. Kr@ishn@a-paksha, dark half of a lunar month, fifteen days during which the moon is in the wane.    
12. Kr@ishn@a-bími,

Kr@ishn@a-bhúmi, s. (black earth) country with a dark soil, one of mould, blue clay etc.

12. Kr@ishn@a-bhedi, (dirt, excrement, what breaks) medicinal plant.
13. Kr@ishn@a-man~jari, s, kind of tree, the wood of which, is usually called calamander wood diospyros qucesita; [Colloq. kal@ume@diriya.]
14. Kr@ishn@a-móchaka, species of the banana or plantain tree.
15. Kr@ishn@a-ráji, black species of the coriander seed.
16. Kr@ishn@a-wr@inta, trumpet flower, datura swave-olens; [Colloq rat@aattana].
17. Kr@ishn@á, s, name of Draupadi, wife of the Pánd@ávas; indigo plant; long pepper; kind of grape; sort of drug, nigella indica; black mustard; this name is applied to several other vegetable substances, in consequence of their black colour.
18. Kr@ishn@áchala, s. mountain so called; it is part of the western portion of the Vindhy’a chain, it is also one of the nine principal mountains, that separate the same divisions or Varshas of the world inhabited by living beings,
19. Kr@ishn@ika, black mustard.
20. Gardabha,

Gardabha, s. white lotus; smell, odour; ass, camel.

Gardabhί, s. insect, kind of beetle breeding from cowdung; she-ass; cutaneous eruption.

மேலை இந்தோ-ஐரோப்பியத்தில் தமிழின் ’கல்’

கல்(மலை) – hill

*kel- (2)

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to be prominent," also "hill."

It forms all or part of: colonel; colonnade; colophon; column; culminate; culmination; excel; excellence; excellent; excelsior; hill; holm.

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit kutam "top, skull;" Latin collis "hill," columna "projecting object," cellere "raise;" Greek kolōnos "hill," kolophōn "summit;" Lithuanian kalnas "mountain," kalnelis "hill," kelti "raise;" Old English hyll "hill," Old Norse hallr "stone," Gothic hallus "rock."

COLONEL

(Skeat) Colonel, the chief commander of a regiment. (F., ̶ Ital., ̶ L.) It occurs in Milton, Sonnet on When the Assault was intended to the City. Massinger has colonelship, New Way to pay Old Debts, Act iii. sc. 2. [Also spelt coronel, Holland’s Pliny, bk. xxii. c. 23; which is the Spanish form of the word, due to substitution of r for 1, a common linguistic change; whence also the present pronunciation curnel.] ̶ F. colonel, colonnel; Cotgrave has: ‘Colonnėl, a colonell or coronell, the commander of a regiment.’ Introduced from Ital. in the 16th century (Brachet).  ̶ Ital. colonello, a colonel; also a little column. The colonel was so called because leading the little column or company at the head of the regiment. ‘La campagnie colonelle, ou la colonelle, est la premiére compagnie d’un regiment d’infanterie;’ Dict. de Trevoux, cited by Wedgwood. The Ital. colonello is a dimin. of Ital. colonna, a column.  ̶ Lat. columna, a column. see Column, Colonnade. Der. colonel-ship, colonel-cy. [†]

(Chambers) colonel n. Originally (1548) spelled coronel, borrowed from Middle French coronel, coronnel, which with Spanish coronel came from Italian colonnello the commander of a column of soldiers at the head of a regiment, from colonna column, from Latin columna pillar, post, column.

The change of the first I in Italian colonnello to r in French coronnel, coronel is due to dissimilation of two identical neighboring sounds.

Later (1583) the form colonel came into English from Middle French colonel, a variant spelling of the commoner coronel. This variant spelling became established primarily through familiar literary use and in translations of Italian military treatises in the late 16th century.

Two pronunciations (kolǝnel', korǝnel') existed until the early years of the 19th century when the popular pronunciation (kėr'ǝnǝl) gave way to kėr'nǝl and began to gain prominence at all levels, though the familiar literary form colonel remained firmly established in printing.

(John Ayto) colonel [17] Historically, a colonel was so called because he commanded the company at the head of a regiment, known in Italian as the compagna colonnella, literally the ‘little-column company’; hence the commander himself took the title colonnella. The word colonnella is a diminutive form of colonna, which is descended from Latin columna ‘pillar’ (source of English column). It appears first to have entered English via French in the form coronel, in which the first l had mutated to r. Spellings with this r occur in English from the 17th and 18th centuries, and it is the source of the word’s modern pronunciation. Colonel represents a return to the original Italian spelling. ® Column

(Onions) colonel superior officer of a regiment. xvi. In earliest use both coronel and colonel, but the first prevailed before mid-xvii.  ̶ F. †coronel (so also Sp.), later and mod. colonel - (orig. with dissimilation of l .. l to r .. l) It. colonnello, f. colonna column, the officer being so named as leader of the first company of a regiment (It. compagnia colonnella, F. compagnie colonnelle). The present pronunc., which was established by the late xviii, dependson the form †coronel; but kᴧ·lnәl is the only pronunc. recorded by Johnson, I755·Walker comments: 'This word is among those gross irregularities which must be given up as incorrigible.'

(American Heritage) colo·nel n. Abbr. Col. 1. a. A commissioned rank in the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps that is above lieutenant colonel and below brigadier general. b. One who holds this rank or a similar rank in another military organization. 2. An honorary nonmilitary title awarded by some states of the United States. [Alteration of obsolete coronel, from French, from Old Italian colonello, from diminutive of colonna, column of soldiers, from Latin columna, column. see kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED)

colonel forms:  α. 1500s coronelle, corronel, 1500s–1600s coronel(l, 1600s coronall, corronell; β. 1500s–1600s colonell, 1500s–1700s collonell, (1600s colenel), 1600s–1700s collonel, 1500s– colonel.

etymology: In 16th cent. coronel, < French coronnel (also coronel, couronnel, and later colonnel ), < Italian colonnello, colonello chief commander of a regiment, <colonna column n.: compare colonnello, colon(n)ella ‘a little columne or piller’ in Florio; also la compagniacolonnella, French la compagnie colonelle, or simply la colonelle, the first company of a regiment of infantry. ‘The colonel was so called, because leading the little column or company at the head of the regiment’ (Skeat). The early French coronel (whence also Spanish coronel) was due to the dissimilation of l–l, common in Romanic, though popular etymology associated it with corona, couronne crown. It is still dialectal (see Littré), but was supplanted in literary use, late in 16th cent., by the more etymological colonnel; and under this influence and that of translations of Italian military treatises colonel also appeared in English c1580. The two forms were used indifferently by Barret, Holland, Decker, and others; coronel was the prevailing form till 1630, but disappeared in writing c1650. Of 89 quots. examined before this date, 56 have coronel, 33 colonel, thus distributed: up to 1590 coronel 21, colonel 1; 1591–1630cor- 31, col- 22; 1631–50cor- 4, col- 10; 1651– cor- 0. In 17th cent. colonell was trisyllabic, and was often accented (in verse) on the last syllable. But by 1669 it began to be reduced in pronunciation to two syllables, col'nel (according to Jones Pract. Phonography, 1701, /ˈkʌlnəl/), as recorded by Dr. Johnson 1755–73, and repeated without remark by Todd 1818; in Farquhar's Sir Harry Wildair (1701) it appears familiarly abbreviated to coll. But apparently the earlier coronel had never died out of popular use; Dr. A. J. Ellis Eng. Pronunc. 1074/2 cites Dyche1710 for /ˈkʌrəʊnɛl/, Buchanan 1766 for /ˈkɔːnɪl/, Sheridan 1780 for /ˈkɜːnɛl/ the pronunciation now established, though apparently not yet universal in 1816.

1. a. The superior officer of a regiment, whether of infantry or cavalry. He ranks above the Lieutenant Colonel, on whom, in the British army (except in the Artillery and Engineers), the command of the regiment generally devolves, and below the general officer, who is attached to no one regiment. The title is often honorary, and conferred upon distinguished officers or princes of royal blood.
2. Used to render various ancient military titles, as χιλίαρχος, tribunus, magister equitum, etc.
3. An officer in the U.S. Air Force or Marine Corps, ranking next below a brigadier general. (See also quot. 1802.)
4. The Colonel = bogey n. a.
5. Angling. A kind of artificial salmon-fly.

(Online Etymology) colonel (n.) "chief commander of a regiment of troops," 1540s, coronell, from French coronel (16c.), modified by dissimilation from Italian colonnella "commander of the column of soldiers at the head of a regiment," from compagna colonella "little column company," from Latin columna "pillar,"collateral form of columen "top, summit" (from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill").

Colonel-கலைச்சொற்கள்               

colonel                                           படைப்பகுதி-முதல்வர்   

colonel commandant                     படைப்பகுதி-உயர்பணி முதல்வர்       

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

colonel                                           படைப்பகுதி முதல்வன், துணைத்தலைவன்.  

Colonel-Commandant                   உயர்பணி முதல்வர், துணைமைத் தலைவர்.  

colonel-in-chief                             மதிநிலைத் துணைத்தளபதி.     

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

colon`el                                         படைப்பிரிவுத் தலைவர்

                        -வெற்றி அகராதி (1995)

COLONNADE 

(Skeat) Colonnade, a row of columns. (F.,  ̶ Ital,  ̶ L.) Spelt colonade (wrongly) in Bailey’s Dict. vol. ii. ed. 1731.  ̶  F. colonnade (not in Cotgrave).  ̶  Ital. colonnata, a range of columns.  ̶  Ital. colonna, a column.  ̶  L.at . columna, a column. see Column.

(Chambers) colonnade n. series of columns, usually supporting a roof, etc. 1718, borrowed from French colonnade, alteration of earlier colonnate (1675), from Italian colonnato, from colonna column, from Latin columna pillar, Column; for suffix see -ade.

(Onions) colonnade series of columns at regular intervals. xviii.  ̶  F. colonnade (earlier †-ate), f. colonne column, after It. colonnato (cf. L. columnātus supported on columns); see -ade.

(American Heritage) col·on·nade n. Architecture. 1. A series of columns placed at regular intervals. 2. A structure composed of columns placed at regular intervals. [French, alteration of colonnate, from Italian colonnato, from colonna, column, from Latin columna. See kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED)

Colonnade

forms:  Also 1700s collonade, 1700s–1800s colon-.

etymology:< French colonnade, <colonne column, apparently after Italian colonnato, <colonna column, pillar: see -ade suffix.

1.Architecture. A series of columns placed at regular intervals, and supporting an entablature.

2. transferred. A similar row of trees or other objects.

(Online Etymology) colonnade (n.) in architecture, "a series of columns placed at certain intervals," 1718, from French colonnade, from Italian colonnato, from colonna "column," from Latin columna "pillar," collateral form of columen "top, summit," from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." Also see -ade. Related: Colonnaded.

Colonnade -கலைச்சொற்கள்         

colonnade                                      சம இடைவெளிகளில் நிறுத்தப்பட்ட தூண்களின் வரிசை   

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

Colophon

(Skeat) Colophon, an inscription at the end of a book, giving the name or date. (Gk.)  Used by Warton, Hist. of Eng. Poetry, sect. 33, footnote 2.  ̶  Late Lat. colophon, a Latinised form of the Gk. word.  ̶  Gk. κολοφών, a summit, top, pinnacle; hence, a finishing stroke.  ̶ √ KAL, perhaps meaning to rise up; whence also Gk. κολὦνη, a hill, Lat. cel-sus, lofty, and E. hol-m, a mound. See Curtius, i. 187; Fick, i. 527. see Below.

(Chambers) colophon (kol'ǝfon) n. 1774, publisher's inscription at the end of a book (corresponding to the modern title page); borrowed from Latin colophōn, from Greek kolophṑn summit, final touch. Since the first use of this word was as the name of a town in Lydia it is probably best to consider it as non-Indo-European. The sense of a publisher’s imprint on a book is attested in English since 1930.

(Onions) colophon kә·l әf әn inscription containing title, date, etc., at the end of a book. xviii.  ̶  late L. colophonōn  ̶  Gr. kolophṓn summit, finishing touch.

(American Heritage) col·o·phon n. 1. An inscription placed usually at the end of a book, giving facts about its publication. 2. A publisher’s emblem or trademark placed usually on the title page of a book. [Late Latin colophon, from Greek kolophon, summit, finishing touch. see kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED) Colophon

etymology: < late Latin colophōn, < Greek κολοϕών summit, ‘finishing touch’.

1.‘Finishing stroke’, ‘crowning touch’. Obsolete.

2.spec.

a.The inscription or device, sometimes pictorial or emblematic, formerly placed at the end of a book or manuscript, and containing the title, the scribe's or printer's name, date and place of printing, etc. Hence, from title page to colophon.

3. = imprint n. 3. U.S.

(Online Etymology) colophon (n.) "publisher's inscription at the end of a book," 1774, from Late Latin colophon, from Greek kolophōn "summit, final touch" (from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill"). "In early times the colophon gave the information now given on the title page" [OED].

Colophon -கலைச்சொற்கள்           

colophon                                       ஏடு குறித்த தகவலை உட்கொண்டிருந்த பழங்காலப் புற அணியுரை     

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

column 

(Skeat) Column, a pillar, body of troops. (L.) Also applied to a perpendicular set of horizontal lines, as when we speak of a column of figures, or of printed matter. This seems to have been the earliest use in English. ‘Columne of a lefe of a boke, columna;’ Prompt. Parv. p. 88.  ̶ Lat. columna, a column, pillar; an extension from Lat. ‘columen, a top, height, summit, culmen, the highest point. Cf. also collis, a hill, celsus, high.  ̶  √KAL, to rise up; whence also colophon and holm. see colophon, holm, culminate. Der. Column-ar; also colonnade, q. v.

(Chambers) column n. About 1440, in Promptorium Parvulorum, a vertical division of a page; also, a pillar, post (before 1449); borrowed from Old French colombe, colompne, and Latin columna column, pillar, post, related to columen, culmen top, summit, celsus high, collis hill, Greek kolōnós hill, and Old English hyll HILL, from Indo-European *kel-/kol-/kl- (Pok.544).

The specific sense of matter written for a newspaper or magazine column, is recorded since 1785.

—columnar adj. 1728, probably formed from English column + -ar, on the pattern of curricular; but possibly a borrowing from Late Latin columnāris, from Latin columna column. —columnist n. 1920, American English, formed from (newspaper) column + -ist.

(John Ayto) Column [15] The notion underlying column is of ‘height, command, extremity’. It comes, via Old French colomne, from Latin columna ‘pillar’, which was probably a derivative of columen, culmen ‘top, summit’ (from which English also gets culminate). It goes back ultimately to a base *kol-, *kel-, distant ancestor of English excel and hill. The word’s application to vertical sections of printed matter dates from the 15th century, but its transference to that which is written (as in ‘write a weekly newspaper column’) is a 20th-century development. ® Culminate, Excel, Hill

(Onions) column kә·l әm vertical support of part ofa building xv (Lydg.); vertical division of a page, etc. xv (Promp. Parv.). Partly  ̶  OF. columpne (mod. colonne, after It. colonna), partly  ̶  its source L. columna pillar, f. *col-,as in columen, culmen (see culminate), var. of *cel-, as in *cellere (see excel), celsus high. So columnar. kәlᴧ·mnәɹ. xviii. ̶ late L.; earlier †colu^.mnary (xvi-xviii).c colu·mniated xviii, for earlier co·lumnated, f. L. columna$tus supported on columns (see -ate²). columnia·tion xvii, for columna·tion ( ̶ L.), by assim. to intercolumniation (f. L. intercolumnium).

(American heritage) col·umn n. Abbr. col., clm. 1. Architecture. A supporting pillar consisting of a base, a cylindrical shaft, and a capital. 2. Something resembling an architectural pillar in form or function: a column of mercury in a thermometer. 3. a. Printing. One of two or more vertical sections of typed lines lying side by side on a page and separated by a rule or a blank space. b. A feature article that appears regularly in a publication, such as a newspaper. 4. A formation, as of troops or vehicles, in which all elements follow one behind the other. 5. Botany. A columnlike structure, especially one formed by the union of a stamen and the style in an orchid flower, or one formed by the united staminal filaments in flowers such as those of the hibiscus or mallow. 6. Anatomy. Any of various tubular or pillarlike supporting structures in the body, each generally having a single tissue origin and function: the vertebral column. [Middle English columne, from Latin columna. See kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED) Column

forms:  Middle English colompne, 1500s columpne, collumne, collon, 1500s–1700s colume, (1500s coolume), 1600s colomb, columb, (cullumne), 1600s–1700s colum, Middle English–1600s columne, 1600s– column.

etymology: originally < Old French colompne, colombe< Latin columna (columpna), to which the current English spelling is assimilated. Modern French colonne is assimilated to Italian colonna: compare colonne n. Latin columna was a doublet of columen, culmen elevated object, pillar, column, < root cel- (-cellĕre), whence celsus high, lofty.

1.a. Architecture. A cylindrical or slightly tapering body of considerably greater length than diameter, erected vertically as a support for some part of a building; spec. in the classic orders, a round pillar with base, shaft, and capital supporting the entablature; in Gothic and Norman architecture applied to the pillar or pier supporting the arch. Sometimes standing alone as a monument: e.g. Trajan's Column at Rome, Nelson's Column in London, the Column of the Place Vendôme, Paris.

1. A natural columnar formation, esp. of igneous rock.
2. figurative. Support or prop. (cf. pillar n.)
3. Anything of columnar shape or appearance.
4. a. Calico-printing. A hollow copper cylinder used for fixing the colours of printed fabrics by means of steam.
5. b. Distilling. A vessel containing a vertical series of chambers, used in continuous distillation.
6. transferred. An upright mass of water, air, mercury, etc., resembling a column in shape; a narrow mass rising high in the air, as a column of smoke.
7. One of the narrow divisions of a sheet of paper, page of a book, etc., formed by vertical lines or separating spaces; used for denominations of figures (as in money accounts), lists of names in a schedule, etc., or for the sake of convenience in arranging the printed matter on a wide page; also, a narrow block of letterpress so arranged, or a series of letters or figures arranged vertically. In plural said esp. of the vertical divisions in a newspaper or journal, as receptacles for the news, etc., which ‘fill the columns’ of these publications. Hence in extended use: a special feature, esp. one of a regular series of articles or reports. Cf. gossip column n. at gossip n. Compounds 2. In the U.S. sometimes with the jocular spelling colyum n. Hear pronunciation/ˈkɒljəm/
8. A vertical line or square bracket in printing.
9. One of the lights in a mullioned window.
10. Botany.
11. The upright cylindrical structure formed by the coalescence of the filaments, as in the mallow, or by the union of the stamens with the style, as in orchids.
12. = columella n. 3a.
13. 8. Anatomy and Physiology. A name given to various parts of the body (usually translating Latin columna); e.g. ‘fleshy columns of the heart’ (columnæcarneæ), ‘column of the nose’ (columna nasi, the anterior part of the septum); esp. spinal column or vertebral column, the spine; and with qualifying phrases.
14. Zoology.
15. The body or stem of a sea-anemone.
16. b. The jointed peduncle of a stalked crinoid.
17. a. Military. A formation of troops narrow laterally and deep from front to rear; the usual order in marching.
18. column of route: see Route n.1 Phrases 1.
19. c. transferred. A body or party; = camp n.2 8a originally and chiefly U.S.
20. Colloquial phrase to dodge the column, to shirk one's duty; to avoid work.
21. Nautical. A body or division of ships.

(Online Etymology) Column(n.) mid-15c., "a pillar, long, cylindrical architectural support," also "vertical division of a page," from Old French colombe (12c., Modern French colonne "column, pillar"), from Latin columna "pillar," collateral form of columen "top, summit," from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill."

Column -கலைச்சொற்கள்             

effective column length             பயனுறு கம்பநீளம்        

end bearing column                   கடைதாங்கித்தூண்        

dorsal column                             முதுகுப்பக்கக்கம்பம்     

drill column                                  துரப்பணக் கம்பம்         

drilling column                            துரப்பீட்டுக்கம்பம்        

card column                                அட்டைச் செம்பாகி       

column                                         தூண்       

columna                                       எண்நிரல்

columnaecarnae                        தசைக்கம்பம்      

columnar                                      கம்பவுருவுள்ள   

columnar epithelium                  கம்ப மேலணி     

columnar jointing                        கம்ப இணைப்பு 

columnar resistance                  கம்பத் தடையமைவு      

columnar stem                            கம்பத்தண்டு       

columnar structure                     கம்பக் கட்டமைப்பு       

column free area                        தூணிலாப் பரப்பு           

columniation                               தூண்கள் அமைத்தல்     

column matrix                             நிரல்-அணி         

column pipe                                தூண்குழாய்       

column vector                             நிரல்திசையன்    

column vector                             கலத்திசையன்    

compound column                     கூட்டுத்தூண்      

concrete column                         கற்காரைத் தூண்

base column                               தூண்-அடி           

beam column                              உத்தரத்தூண்      

buckling of column                     தூண்கூனல்        

air column                                    காற்றுக்கம்பம்   

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

effective length of column         தூணின் பயனுறு நீளம் 

column                                         கால்பிட் அலைவியற்றி

base column                               அடித்தூண்          

beam column                              விட்டத்தூண்      

buckling of column                     தூண் நெளிவு     

balancing column                       சமன் செய் தூண்

                                                            -அறிவியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி

Column                                        பத்தி         

                                                            -ஆட்சிச் சொல்லகராதி (2015)

column                                         நெடுவரிசை        

                                                            -கணிப்பொறிக் கலைச்சொல் அகராதி (1998)

vertical column                           செங்குத்துக் கம்பம்        

vibrating column                         அதிரும் கம்பம்   

thermal column                           வெப்பக் கம்பம்  

static fluid column                      நிலைப் பாய்ம கம்பம்   

liquid column                               நீர்மக் கம்பம்      

luminous column                        ஒளிர் கம்பம்       

cloud column                              முகில் கம்பம்      

cylindrical column of liquid       உருளை வடிவ நீர்மக்கம்பம்    

air column                                    வளி நிரல், வளிக்கம்பம்

elementary column operation  அடிப்படை நிரல் செயல்           

column graph                              நிரல் கோட்டுரு  

column in a determinant            ஓரணிக்கோவையின் நிரல்       

column operation                       நிரல் செயல்        

column vector                             நிரல் திசையன், நிரல் ஏவரை  

column vector                             நிரல், நிரல் அணி          

matrix, column                            நிரல் அணி         

vertical column                           நேர்க்குத்துக் கம்பம்      

wall-coated capillary column    உட்பூச்சு நுண்குழல் கம்பம்      

wetted-wall column                    நனை சுவர்க் கம்பம்      

rectifying column                        நேர்படுத்தும் கம்பம்      

positive column                          நேர்மின் தொடர்

enriching column                        வளிமிகுப்பு கம்பம்        

extraction column                       பிரித்தெடு கம்பம்           

capillary column                         நுண்புழைக் கம்பம்        

column                                         கம்பம், பத்தி       

column bleed                              நீர்மக்கசிவு         

concentric tube column             பொதுமையக் குழாய்க் கம்பம் 

column                                         கட்டம், பத்தி, தூண், நிமிர்நிலை, அணிவரிசை        

vertebral column                        முள்ளெலும்புத் தொடர், முள்ளெலும்புக் கோவை    

spinal column                              முதுகெலும்புத்தண்டு, முட்தொடர்      

postanior column                        பின் கற்றைத் தொகுப்பு

posterior column                        பின் கற்றை        

lateral column                             நடுவிலக்கத் தூண், பக்கவாட்டத் தூண்         

intermediolateral cell

column                                         இடைநடுவிலக்க அணுத்தண்டு           

dorsal column                             முதுகியக் கற்றை

column                                         தூண், கம்பம், வரிசை   

anterior column                          முன் தண்டுவடக் கற்றைத் தொகுப்பு  

vertebral column                        முதுகெலும்பு      

three column cash book           மூன்று பத்தி பண ஏடு   

vertebral column                        முதுகுத் தண்டு   

oil column                                    நிலத்தடி எண்ணெய் இருப்பு    

ion column                                   மின்னணுக் கம்பம்        

vertebral column                        முதுகெலும்பு தண்டு      

spin column chromatography   சுழல்து£ண் நிறவழிப்பிரிகை   

renal columns of bertini             பெர்டினி சிறுநீரகப்பகுதி         

columnar epithelium                  தூணுருவப் புறச்சவ்வு   

vertebral column                        முதுகுத்தண்டு     

column                                         குத்துப்படர்வு, தூண், நிரல்      

spinning-band column               தற்சுழற்சிப் பட்டைக் கம்பம்    

spiral wire column                      சுருள்கம்பிக் கம்பம்       

static fluid column                      நிலை பாய்மக்கம்பம்    

support-coated capillary

column                                         தாங்குபூச்சு நுண்புழைக் கம்பம்           

thermal column                           வெப்ப நியூட்ரான் வழங்கு கம்பம்       

thermogravitational column      வெப்பஈர்ப்புக் கம்பம்   

tied concrete column                 கட்டு கற்காரைத்தூண்  

vigreaux column                         விக்ரோ கம்பம்   

wall-coated capillary column    உட்சுவர் நுண்துளைத் தம்பம்  

water column                              நீர்க்கம்பம்          

wetted-wall column                    நனைசுவர்க் கம்பம்       

shaft column                               குடைவுக் குழாய்

short column                               குறுந்தூண்          

rectifying column                        நேர்படுத்து கம்பம்         

reinforced column                      வலிவூட்டிய தூண்         

positive column                          நேர்முனை ஒளிக்கோளம்         

pulse column                              துடிப்புறு பாய்மக்கம்பம்          

oil column                                    எண்ணெய் கம்பம்         

motive column                            காற்றுப் போக்கழுத்தம் 

lally column                                 எஃகு குழாய்த் தூண்      

long column                                நெடுந்தூண்        

introductory column                   அறிமுகக் குழாய்

ion column                                   அயனிக் கம்பம்  

ionic column                                அயனி கம்பம்     

half column                                  சுவர்பிதுக்கத் தூண்       

hexagonal column                     அறுகோண பனிப்படிகக் கம்பம்         

hooped column                           வளையத் தூண்  

gas column                                  வளிமக் கம்பம்   

geologic column                         புவியியல் அடுக்கு         

enriching column                        வளமிகு ஊட்டஅளவு    

extraction column                       பிரித்தெடுக்கும் கம்பம்  

distillation column                      காய்ச்சிவடிப்புக் கம்பம்

double drill column                     இரு துளையிடு கம்பம்  

capillary column                         புழை நீர்மக்கம்பம்        

capped column                           பனிப்படிகக் கம்பம்       

cloud column                              வெடிபுகைக் கம்பம்       

column                                         தூண், கம்பம், நிரல்       

column bleed                              நீர்ம இழப்பு        

column chromatography           கம்பப் பரப்புக்கவர்ச்சியியல்   

column crane                              தூண் பளுதூக்கி

column development

chromatography                         கம்ப மேம்பாட்டு பரப்புக்கவர்ச்சியியல்         

column drill                                  கம்பப் பாறைத்துரப்பணம்       

column operations                     நிரல் செயல்கள் 

column pipe                                கம்பக்குழாய்      

column rank                                நிரல் தரவெண்   

column space                             நிரல் வெளி         

column splice                              தூண் இணைப்பு

column vector                             நிரல் நெறியம்    

control column                            கட்டுப்பாட்டு நெம்புகோல்      

coupled column                          இணைத்தூண்    

backing mixing column              பின்கலக்கும் கம்பம்      

balancing column                       சமன்செய் கம்பம்           

battened column                        பட்டைப் பிணைத்தூண்

beam column                              விட்டத் தூண்     

bubble column                            குமிழிக் கம்பம்   

buckling of column                     தூண் நெளிதல்   

rename column                          நிரல் பெயர்மாற்று        

row, column                                நிரல், வரிசை      

low order column                        அடிநிலை நிரல்  

hide column                                நிரல் மறை          

high order column                      உயர் வரிசை நிரல்        

eighty -column display              எண்பது நிரல் காட்சி     

entire column                              நிரல் முழுதும்     

column                                         நெடுவரிசை, நிரல்         

column break                              நெடுவரிசை முறிப்பு      

column count                              நெடுவரிசை எண்ணு     

column graph                              நெடுவரிசை வரைபடம்

column head                               நெடுவரிசைத் தலைப்பு 

column indicator                         நெடுவரிசை சுட்டிக்காட்டி       

column split                                 நெடுவரிசைப் பிரிப்பு    

column text chart                        நெடுவரிசையுரை நிரல்படம்    

column width                               நெடுவரிசை அகலம்      

binary column                             இரும நிரல்         

bound column                             கட்டுண்ட நெடுக்கை    

staminal column                         மகரந்தத் தாள்    

spinal column                              முதுகெலும்புத் தொடர் 

fractionating column                  பிரிகை அடுக்கு 

encased column                         பொதிவுத் தூண் 

column                                         நிரல், தூண்        

column footing                            தூண் அடிமானம்           

base (column)                             தூண் அடி           

box column                                  பெட்டகத் தூண் 

brick column                                செங்கல் தூண்    

built up column                           கட்டுவித்த தூண்

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

column                                         அணிவரிசை       

                                                            -மொழியியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி (1980)

Column                                        செங்குத்துப் படர்வு       

                                                            -வெற்றி அகராதி (1995)

CULMINATE 

(Skeat) Culminate, to come to the highest point. (L.) see milton, P.L. iii. 617. A coined word, from an assumed Lat. verb culminare, pp. culminatus, to come to a top.  ̶ Lat. culmin-, stem of culmen, the highest point of a thing; of which an older form is columen, a top, summit. see column. Der. culminat-ion.

(Chambers) culminate v. reach the highest point, climax. 1647, borrowed from Late Latin culminātus, past participle of culmināre to crown, from Latin culmen (genitive culminis) top, related to celsus high, see hill; for suffix see -ate¹. It is also possible that culminate is a back formation of earlier English culmination.  —culmination n. 1633, probably borrowed from French culmination, from Late Latin culmināre culminate; for suffix see -ation.

(John Ayto) see Column 

(Onions) culminate  reach its greatest altitude. xvii. f. pp. stem of late L. culmina$re exalt, extol, f. culmin-, culmen summit, acme; see -ate³. So culmina^.tion. xvii; so F.

(American Heritage) cul·mi·nate v. intr. cul·mi·nat·ed, cul·mi·nat·ing, cul·mi·nates. 1. a. To reach the highest point or degree; climax: habitual antagonism that culminated in open hostility. b. To come to completion; end: Years of waiting culminated in a tearful reunion. 2. Astronomy. To reach the highest point above an observer’s horizon. Used of stars and other celestial bodies. — v. tr. To bring to the point of greatest intensity or to completion; climax: The ceremony culminated a long week of preparation. [Late Latin culmina$re, culmina$t-, from Latin culmen, culmin-, summit. see kel^-2in Appendix.] – culmination n.

(OED) Culminate etymology: < late Latin culmi-nāt-, participial stem of culmināre, < culmen, culmin- (see culmen n.); see -ate suffix3, and compare modern French culminer.

1. intransitive. Astronomy. Of a heavenly body: To reach its greatest altitude, to be on the meridian.
2. gen. To reach its highest point or summit, as a mountain-chain, etc.; to rise to an apex or summit. Const. in.
3. figurative. (Chiefly from 1.) To reach its acme, or highest development. Const. in, to.
4. transitive. To bring (a thing) to its highest point, to form the summit of; to crown.

(Online Etymology) Culminate (v.) 1640s, in astronomy, of a star or planet, "come to or be on the highest point of altitude; come to or be on the meridian," from Late Latin culminatus past participle of culminare "to top, to crown," from Latin culmen (genitive culminis) "top, peak, summit, roof, gable," also used figuratively, a contraction of columen "top, summit" (from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill"). Figurative sense in English of "reach the highest point" is from 1660s. Related: Culminant; culminated; culminating.

Culminate -கலைச்சொற்கள்       

culminating point                        உச்சக்கடப்புப் புள்ளி    

culmination                                  உச்சநிலையடைகை      

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

culminate                                     உச்சத்தையடை, நடுநிரைக் கோடெய்து       

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

culminate                                     உச்சம் அடை     

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

CULMINATION 

(Skeat) see culminate

(Chambers) see culminate

(Onions) see culminate

(American Heritage) see culminate

(OED) Culmination

etymology: noun of action < culminate v.; compare French culmination.

1.The attainment by a heavenly body of its greatest altitude; the act of reaching the meridian.

2.figurative. The attainment of the highest point, or state of being at the height; concrete that in which anything culminates, the crown or consummation.

3.The raising of the level of the land on either side of a river by allowing flood-water to deposit silt on it.  [Compare Italian colmare verb.]

4. Geology (a) Also culmination of pitch. A part of a fold, esp. a nappe, where the strata were at their highest before they were eroded; (b) an axis of a system of folds joining the highest parts of successive folds.

(Online Etymology) Culmination (n.) 1630s, in astronomy/astrology, "position of a heavenly body when it is on the meridian," from French culmination, noun of action from past participle stem of Late Latin culminare "to top, to crown," from Latin culmen (genitive culminis) "top, peak, summit, roof, gable," also used figuratively, contraction of columen "top, summit" (from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill"). Figurative sense of "highest point or summit" is from 1650s.

Culmination -கலைச்சொற்கள்      

culmination                                  உச்சநிலை          

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

culmination                                  உச்சநிலை, உச்ச வளர்நிலை   

culmination age                          பெருமப் பருமன் வளர்ச்சி அகவை (வயது)    

culmination                                  மடிப்பு உச்சி       

culmination                                  வான்கோள் தோற்றநிலை உச்சம்       

culmination                                  (வான்கோள்) உச்சிகடத்தல்     

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

EXCEL 

(Skeat) Excel, to surpass. (F.,  ̶ L.) In Spenser, F. Q. v. 12. 35. [The sb. excellence and adj. excellent are older; see chaucer, C. T. 11941, 11944.]  ̶  O. F. exceller, ‘to excell;’ Cot.  ̶  Lat. excellere, to raise; also, to surpass.  ̶ Lat. ex; and cellere*, to impel, whence antecellere, percellere, &c.. see c. Der. excell-ent (O. F. pres. pt. excellent); excell-ence (O.F. excellence, from Lat. excellentia); excellenc-y.

(Chambers) excel v. do or be better than. Probably about 1408 excellen, in Lydgate's Reson and Sensuallyte; probably borrowed from Middle French exceller, and directly from Latin excellere to rise, surpass, be eminent (ex- out from + -cellere rise high or tower; related to celsus high, lofty, great; see hill). Alternatively, excel may have been formed in English as a back formation of excellence.  —excellence n. Probably about 1350, borrowed from Old French excellence, from Latin excellentia superiority, excellence, from excellentem (nominative excellēns) excellent, present participle of excellere excel; for suffix see -ence. —excellency n. Probably about 1200 excellencie high rank; borrowed from Latin excellentia superiorify, excellence. The word is first recorded as a title of honor (Your excellency) about 1532, though apparently Latin Excellentia was the prior use, as early as 1325. —excellent adj. Before 1349, surpassing, superior, unexcelled; borrowed from Old French excellent, learned borrowing from Latin excellentem (nominative excellēns), present participle of excellere excel; for suffix see -ent.

(John Ayto) see Column 

(Onions) excel ėkse·l be superior (to). xv (Lydg.).  ̶  L. excellere be eminent, (rarely in physical sense) rise, raise, f. ex Ex-¹+ *cellere rise high, tower (found only in comps.), rel. to celsus high, columna column. Cf. F. exceller (xvi). So excellent e·ksәlәnt †exalted, supreme xiv; extremely good xvii (Sh.).  ̶ (O)F.  ̶ L. e·xcellence, -ency xiv; as a title of honour xiv (Gower).

(American Heritage) ex·cel v. ex·celled, ex·cel·ling, ex·cels. — v. tr. To do or be better than; surpass. — v. intr. To show superiority; surpass others. [Middle English excellen, from Latin excellere. see kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED) excel

forms:  Also Middle English–1700s excell(e.

origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French excelle-r.

1. a. intransitive. To be superior or preëminent in the possession of some quality, or in the performance of some action, usually in a good sense; to surpass others. Const. in, sometimes at.
2. To be in greater proportion than another thing; to preponderate; = exceed v. 5. Obsolete.
3. a. transitive. To be superior to (others) in the possession of some quality, or in the performance of some action; usually in a good sense; to outdo, surpass. Const. in, occasionally at.
4. To surpass (another's qualities or work). rare.
5. a. To be greater than, exceed. Obsolete.
6. To be too hard or great for, overpower. Obsolete.

(Online Etymology) excel (v.) c. 1400, transitive, "to surpass, be superior to;" early 15c., intransitive, "be remarkable for superiority, surpass others," from Latin excellere "to rise, surpass, be superior, be eminent," from ex "out from" (see ex-) + -cellere "rise high, tower," related to celsus "high, lofty, great," from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." Related: Excelled; excelling.

Excel - கலைச்சொற்கள்                

excel                                             விஞ்சு, மேம்படு, தகைமைபெற்றிரு    

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

Excel                                            சிறப்புறச் செய்   

                                                            -ஆட்சிச் சொல்லகராதி (2015)

excel                                             மேம்படு, சிறப்புறு         

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

out`do                                           மேம்படு  

outstrip                                         ஓட்டத்தில் முந்து

exce`l                                           சிறப்புப் பெறு    

                        -வெற்றி அகராதி (1995)

EXCELLENCE 

(Skeat) see excel

(Chambers) see excel

(Onions) see excel 

(American Heritage) ex·cel·lence n. 1. The state, quality, or condition of excelling; superiority. 2. Something in which one excels. 3. Excellence. Excellency.

(Online Etymology) excellence (n.) mid-14c., "superiority, greatness, distinction" in anything, from Old French excellence, from Latin excellentia "superiority, excellence," from  excellentem  (nominative excellens) "towering, distinguished, superior," present participle of  excellere "surpass, be superior; to rise, be eminent," from ex "out from" (see ex-) + -cellere "rise high, tower," related to celsus "high, lofty, great," from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." From late 14c. as "mark or trait of superiority, that in which something or someone excels."

eExcellence -கலைச்சொற்கள்     

excellence                                                     மேம்பாடு      

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

par excellence                                              தனிச்சிறப்புக் காரணமாக, எல்லாவற்றிற்கும் மேம்பட்டு                                                     

excellence                                                     சிறப்பு, நயநேர்த்தி  

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

Excellence                                                    சிறப்பு

                                                            -ஆட்சிச் சொல்லகராதி (2015)

operational excellence                                செவ்விய இயக்கம், இயக்கச் செம்மை     

innovation, organizational excellence in  புத்தாக்கலில் நிறுவனச் செந்திறம் 

eight attributes of management

excellence                                                     மேலாண்மை சால்பின் எட்டு இயற்பண்புகள்     

certified manager of quality                        சான்றுடை தர, நிறுவனச் செம்மை மேலாளர்     

attributes of management excellence      மேலாண்மைச் செந்தகவு இயற்பண்புகள்

centre of excellence                                    உயர்திறன் மையம் 

par excellence                                              எல்லாவற்றிற்கும் மேம்பட்டு         

excellence                                                     தனிச்சிறப்பு  

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

goodness                                                       தயாளம்         

ex`cellence                                                    மேன்மை பொருந்திய         

                                                            -வெற்றி அகராதி (1995)

EXCELLENT 

(Skeat) see excel

(Chambers) see excel

(John Ayto) excellent [14] The underlying notion of excellent is of physically ‘rising above’ others. It comes via Old French from the present participle of Latin excellere. This was a compound verb formed from the prefix ex- ‘out’ and a hypothetical verbal element *cellere, which evidently meant something like ‘rise, be high’: it derived ultimately from an Indo-European base *kol-, *kel- which also produced English column, culminate, and hill. There is little evidence of its literal use in Latin; the metaphorical ‘be outstanding’ evidently elbowed it aside at an early stage. (English acquired excel itself in the 15th century, incidentally.) ® Column, Culminate, Hill

(Onions) see Excel 

(American Heritage) ex·cel·lent adj. 1. Abbr. exc. Of the highest or finest quality; exceptionally good of its kind. 2. Archaic. Superior. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin excelle$ns, excellent- present participle of excellere, to excel. see excel.]

(OED) excellent

forms:  Middle English excelent(e, exellent, exilent, Middle English–1500s excellente, 1500s exelent (plural excellentes), Middle English– excellent.

origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French excellent.

etymology:< French excellent, < Latin excellent-em, present participle of excellĕre to excel v.

1. adj.
2. That excels.
3. Of a person or thing: That excels or surpasses in any respect; preëminent, superior, supreme. Of qualities: Existing in a greater, or an exceptionally great, degree.
4. a. in favourable sense. Obsolete merged in sense A. 3.
5. in bad or neutral sense. Obsolete or archaic.
6. a. Excelling in rank or dignity; exalted, highly honourable. In heraldic use, a formal epithet indicating a rank higher than that denoted by ‘noble’. Obsolete.
7. As a title of address. Obsolete.
8. Assuming superiority, haughty, ‘superior’.
9. a. (The current sense; originally a contextual use of 1.) Used as an emphatic expression of praise or approval, whether of persons, things, or actions: Extremely good.
10. as n. in plural. Excellencies. Obsolete. rare.
11. As present participle. [compare -ent suffix].
12. Excelling.
13. adv. = excellently adv. Obsolete.
14. With verbs.
15. With adjectives and participial adjectives; with the latter often hyphenated.
16. With adverbs well, ill.

(Online Etymology) excellent (adj) "unexcelled, distinguished for superior merit of any kind, of surpassing character or quality, uncommonly valuable for any reason, remarkably good," mid-14c., from Old French excellent "outstanding, excellent," from Latin excellentem (nominative excellens) "towering, prominent, distinguished, superior, surpassing," present participle of excellere "surpass, be superior; to rise, be eminent," from ex "out from" (see ex-) + -cellere "rise high, tower," related to celsus "high, lofty, great," from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." Related: Excellently.

excellent - கலைச்சொற்கள்          

excellence                                   மேம்பாடு

excellency                                   மேதகைமை        

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

excellent                                      மிகச்சிறந்த, நேர்த்திவாய்ந்த, தலைசிறந்த      

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

worthy                                          தகுதியுடைய      

no`ble                                           உயர்குடிப் பிறந்த          

firstrate                                         முதல்தரமான      

ex`cellent                                     மேதகு     

exem`plary                                  பாராட்டிற்குரிய 

ex`quisite                                     சீரிய        

ex`quisitely                                  நேர்த்தியான      

                                                            -வெற்றி அகராதி (1995)

EXCELSIOR

(Chambers) excelsior (ekselʼsēôr) adj. ever upward, higher. 1778, in American English the motto of New York State incorporating the Latin excelsior higher, comparative of excelsus high, past participle of excellere excel. The word was popularized in the United States in the poem Excelsior (1841) by Longfellow, in which excelsior is a refrain, expressing aspiration toward a higher goal. —n. finely curled shavings of soft wood. 1868, American English, originally a trade name; from the adjective.

(Onions) excelsior ėkse·lsiɔ̄ɹ motto of the State of New York, U.S.A. (xviii) and of the Società degli Alpinisti; used by Longfellow as the refrain of his poem so entitled (1841) and explained by him later as being short for Scopus meus excelsior est My goal is higher. L., compar. of excelsus high, pp. of excellere excel. ¶ The advb. meaning ‘higher’, ‘upwards’, commonly attributed to it, is ungrammatical.

(American Heritage) ex·cel·si·or n. Slender, curved wood shavings used especially for packing. [Originally a trade name.]

(OED) Excelsior

origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin excelsus.

etymology: Latin, comparative of excelsus high: see excelse adj. and n.

1. a. The Latin motto (‘higher’) on the seal of the State of New York (adopted by the senate of that state 16 March 1778), the accompanying device being a rising sun. Hence attributive in The Excelsior State, New York.
2. Used by Longfellow (quasi-int.) as an expression of incessant aspiration after higher attainment) as the refrain of a popular poem; hence employed with similar sense by many later writers. Also as n. attributive.
3. Often used as a ‘trademark’, and attributive in the names given by tradesmen to special articles of manufacture; also in the titles of various periodicals in U.S. and in England.
4. A trade name for short thin curled shavings of soft wood used for stuffing cushions, mattresses, etc. Also attributive in excelsior-machine. Originally U.S.
5. Printing. (Usually with capital initial.) The name of a very small size of type (see Quots.). Chiefly U.S.

(Online Etymology) excelsior Latin excelsior "higher," comparative of excelsus (adj.) "high, elevated, lofty," past participle of excellere "to rise, surpass, be superior, be eminent," from ex "out from" (see ex-) + -cellere "rise high, tower," related to celsus "high, lofty, great," from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." Taken 1778 as motto of New York State, where it apparently was mistaken for an adverb. Popularized 1841 as title of a poem by Longfellow. As a trade name for "thin shavings of soft wood used for stuffing cushions, etc.," first recorded 1868, American English.

excelsior -கலைச்சொற்கள்           

excelsior                                      மரப்பொதிபொருள்       

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

excel`sior                                     மிக உயர்ந்த       

                                                            -வெற்றி அகராதி (1995)

HILL 

(Skeat) Hill, a small mountain. (E.) M.E. hil (with one 1); Havelok, 1287; also hul, Ancren Riwle, p.178. ̶ A.S. hyll; Grein, ii. 132. ‘Collis, hyll;’ Wright’s Vocab. i. 54, col.I. And see Northumbrian version of St. Luke, xxiii. 30. + O. Du. hil, hille; Oudemans. β. Further allied to Lithuan. kalnas, Lat. collis, a hill; Lat. celsus, lofty; culmen, a top. see culminate, and haulm. Der. hill-y, hill-i-ness; dimin. hill-ock, in Shak. Venus and Adonis, 237. ¶ Not connected with G. hügel, a hill; for that is related to E. how, a hill; see hHow (2).

(Chambers) hill n. Probably about 1175 hulle, in dialect of Southwest and Midland England; later hil (probably about 1200, in The Ormulum); found in Old English hyll (about 1000, in Ælfric’s writings), derived from Proto Germanic *Hulnís; cognate with Old Frisian holla head, Frisian hel hill, Middle Dutch hille, Low German hull hill, and Old Saxon holm, Old Icelandic holmr island (Danish holm and Swedish holme islet). Outside Germanic cognates are found in Middle Irish coll head, leader, Latin collis hill, celsus high, lofty, great, culmen top, summit, Greek kolōnós hill, and Lithuanian kálnas hill, mountain, from Indo-European *kel-, *kol-, *kl̥- stand out (Pok.544).  —hillbilly n. unsophisticated person from a backwoods or mountain region. 1900, American English, originally Hill Billie or Billy; adj. 1924, of or relating to country music.  —hillock n. Before 1382 hilloc small hill, in the Wycliffe Bible; earlier, as a surname Hilloc (1205); formed from English hill + -oc, diminutive suffix.  —hillside n. (before 1387)  —hilltop n. (1408).

(John Ayto) Hill [OE] The ultimate source of hill was Indo- European *kel-, *kol-, which denoted ‘height’ and also produced English column, culminate, and excellent. A derivative *kulnís produced Germanic *khulniz, which now has no surviving descendants apart from English hill, but related words for ‘hill’ or ‘mountain’ in other Indo-European language groups include French colline, Italian colle, and Spanish and Romanian colina (all from Latin collis ‘hill’), Lithuanian kálnas, and Latvian kalns. ® Column, Culminate, Excellent

(Onions) hill hil small mountain. OE. hyll = Fris.hel, LG. hull, MDu. hille, hil, hul :- WGerm.(of the LG. area) *χulni :- *kulnis, f. IE. base *kl- *kel- *kol-, whence also L. collis hill, celsus lofty, culmen top (see Excel, Culminate),Gr. kolōnós, kolōnḕ hill, Lith. kilnus high, kálnas hill, kélti raise; cf. holm. Hence hi·llock. xiv. hi.lly¹. xiv (Gower).

(American Heritage) hill n. 1. A well-defined natural elevation smaller than a mountain. 2. A small heap, pile, or mound. 3. a. A mound of earth piled around and over a plant. b. A plant thus covered. 4. An incline, especially of a road; a slope. 5. Hill. a. Capitol Hill. Often used with the. b. The U.S. Congress. Often used with the. — v. tr. hilled, hill·ing, hills. 1. To form into a hill, pile, or heap. 2. To cover (a plant) with a mound of soil. —idiom. over the hill. Informal. Past one’s prime. [Middle English hil, from Old English hyll. See kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED) hill

forms:  Old English hyll, Middle English hul, Middle English hull(e, Middle English–1600s hil, Middle English hel(l, Middle English–1500s hyl, hyll(e, Middle English–1600s hille, (1500s yll), Middle English– hill.

etymology: Old English hyll strong masculine and feminine = Low German hull, Frisian hel, Middle Dutch hille, hil, hul< Germanic *hulni-z, pre-Germanic *kulní-s; compare Lithuanian kilnus high, kalnas hill, Latin collis hill, celsus lofty, culmen top, from ablaut-stem kel-, kol-, k'l-.

1. a. A natural elevation of the earth's surface rising more or less steeply above the level of the surrounding land. Formerly the general term, including what are now called mountains; after the introduction of the latter word, gradually restricted to heights of less elevation; but the discrimination is largely a matter of local usage, and of the more or less mountainous character of the district, heights which in one locality are called mountains being in another reckoned merely as hills. A more rounded and less rugged outline is also usually connoted by the name.
2. Often contrasted with dale, plain. (In this use hill occurs in the singular without article.) hill and dale: also, applied to any markings or groovings likened to hills and dales; spec. used attributively to denote that manner of making gramophone records, or the records themselves, in which the undulations are cut in a vertical plane by the recording stylus. Also, applied to the alternating ridges and hollows of waste rock, etc., which are created by open-cast mining or ironstone working; also attributive.

c.After up, down, used without the article: see down n.1, downhill adv., adj., and n., etc.

d.Proverbs and sayings. †to get the hill, to get vantage-ground (obsolete).

e.over the hill: having passed the prime in professional ability, physical beauty, etc. Chiefly U.S.

2.figurative. Something of enormous mass; something not easily mounted or overcome.

3. a. A heap or mound of earth, sand, or other material, raised or formed by human or other agency. Cf. also anthill n., dunghill n., molehill n., etc.
4. A heap formed round a plant by banking up or hoeing (see hill v.2 2). Also: the cluster of plants on level ground. Cf. a hill of beans at bean n. 6e.
5. The rising ground on which ruffs assemble at the breeding season; an assemblage of ruffs.
6. Heraldry. A charge representing a hill, usually vert.
7. A nitro-glycerine factory.

(Online Etymology) hill (n) Old English hyll "hill," from Proto-Germanic *hulni- (source also of Middle Dutch hille, Low German hull "hill," Old Norse hallr "stone," Gothic hallus "rock," Old Norse holmr "islet in a bay," Old English holm "rising land, island"), from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." Formerly including mountains.

hill - கலைச்சொற்கள்                     

hill                                                 குன்று      

down hill                                      கீழிறக்கம்

dung heap                                   எருக்குன்று         

dung hill                                       எருக்களம்

dwarfism                                      குள்ளத்தன்மை   

conical hill                                   கூம்புக் குன்றம்  

bevelled hill top                           சாய்வுக் குன்றுச்சி          

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

hill road                                        மலைப்பாதை     

sand-hill                                       தேரி, மணற்குன்று, மணல்மேடு          

ice-hill                                          சறுக்குவண்டி மீததேறிச் செல்வதற்கான பனிக்கட்டிச் சரிவு           

hill                                                 பொற்றை, மேடு, புற்று, குவியல்        

foothill                                          மலையடிவாரக் குன்று  

downhill                                       கீழ்நோக்கிய சரிவு, சாய்வு, இறக்கம்  

dung-heap                                   சாணக்குவியல், பண்ணை நிலத்தின் கழிவுப்பொருள்         

                                                            -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

potential barrier                          மின்னிலை அரண்         

potential hill                                 மின்னழுத்த மேடு          

hill allowance                              மலையிடப்பணிப் படி   

hill station                                    மலைவாழிடம்   

hill tribes                                      மலைவாழ் பழங்குடியினர்       

hill shading                                  நிழல்முறை         

allowance, hill                             மலைவாழ் படி   

tamilnadu hill areas                    தமிழ்நாடு மலைப்பகுதி 

hill fog                                           மலை மூடுபனி   

sand hill                                       மணற்குன்று, தேரி        

hill                                                 குன்று, மலை      

hill creep                                      குன்றடி மண் ஊர்வு       

hill shading                                  மலைநீழல்          

abyssal hill                                  ஆழ்கடலடி நீள்குன்று   

hill reaction                                  ஹில் வினை       

myna, hill                                     மலை நாகணவாய்        

tortoise, eastern hill tuptoo       கிழக்குமலை நிலஆமை

salt hill                                          உப்புக் குன்று    

sand hill                                       மணற் குன்று/தேரி         

sand hill analogy                        மணற்குன்று ஒப்புமை   

potential hill                                 திறல் முகடு         

mole hill                                       துன்னெலிப் புற்று         

hill climbing                                 உகம செயல்வண்ணக் குறிகை

hill creep                                      குன்றடி பாறைமண் ஊர்வு       

hill shading                                  குன்றின்நிழல் வரைவு   

hill side quarry                            குன்றருகு கற்சுரங்கம்    

hill-climbing                                 சிறுமம்/பெருமம் காண்முறைமை        

buried hill                                     புதைகுன்று         

abyssal hill                                  கடலடிக் குன்று  

tamilnadu hill areas

(preservation of tree act 1955) தமிழ்நாடு மலைப்பகுதிகள் (மரப்பாதுகாப்பு) சட்டம், 1955

hill                                                 மலை, குன்று      

hill rice                                          மலை நெல்         

kerry hill sheep                           வேல்ஸ் செம்மறியாட்டு இனம்

hill banana                                   மலை வாழை      

hill dropping                                மலைப் பருத்திச்செடி     

hill road                                        மலைச் சாலை    

hill training                                   மலைப்பயிற்சி    

dalby hill squeeze tester           இறைச்சி நெகிழ்மை அளவி     

                                                            -கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி

HOLM

(Skeat) Holm, an islet in a river; flat land near a river. (E.) ‘Holm, a river-island;’ Coles, ed. 1684. ‘Holm, in old records, an hill, island, or fenny ground, encompassed with little brooks;’ Phillips, ed. 1706. The true sense is ‘a mound,’ or any slightly rising ground; and, as such ground often has water round it, it came to mean an island. Again, as a rising slope is often situate beside a river, it came, to mean a bank, wharf, or dockyard, as in German. The most curious use is in A.S., where the main sea itself is often called holm, from its convex shape, just as we use ‘The Downs’ (lit. hills) to signify the open sea. M.E. holm. ‘Holm, place besydone a water, Hulmus;’ Prompt. Parv. p. 243; see Way’s note, which is full of information about the word. [The Low Lat. hulmus is nothing but the Teutonic word Latinised.]  ̶ A.S. holm, a mound, a billow, the open sea; Grein, ii. 94. + Icel. hólmr, hólmi, holmr, an islet; ‘even meadows on the shore with ditches behind them are in Ice-landic called holms.’ + Dan. holm, a holm, quay, dockyard. + Swed. holme, a small island. + G. holm, a hill, island, dockyard, wharf (Flügel). + Russ. kholm’, a hill. + Lat. columen, culmen, a mountain-top; cf. Lat. collis, a hill. see culminate, column.

(Onions) holm (e) houm islet, esp. in a river xi; lowlying land by a river xiii.  ̶  ON. holmr islet in a bay, lake, or river, meadow on the shore, corr. to OE. (poetic) holm billow, wave, sea, OS. holm hill. It is commonly assumed that the orig. sense was ‘hill’, which is not recorded in OE., but is found in early ME. (Laʒ.), and that the base is therefore identical with that of hill.

(American Heritage) holm n. Chiefly British. An island in a river. [Middle English, from Old Norse holmr. See kel^-2in Appendix.]

(OED) holm

forms:  Also holme, Sc. howm.

origin: Partly a word inherited from Germanic. Partly a borrowing from early Scandinavian.

etymology: In sense 1, Old English holm sea, ocean, wave (only in poetic language); in sense 2, < Old Norse holmr islet in a bay, creek, lake, or river, meadow on the shore; corresponding to Old Saxon, Low German holm hill.

1. Senses relating to the sea.
2. The sea, the wave. (Only in Old English.)
3. Senses relating to islands or low-lying land.
4. a. A small island, an islet; esp. in a river, estuary, or lake, or near the mainland.
5. (In Swedish and Danish) A dockyard, shipyard.
6. A piece of flat low-lying ground by a river or stream, submerged or surrounded in time of flood.

III. Senses relating to hills.

1. A hill. Obsolete. rare.

(Online Etymology) holm (n) "small island in a river; river meadow," late Old English, from Old Norse holmr "small island," especially in a river or bay, or cognate Old Danish hulm, from Proto-Germanic *hul-maz, from PIE root *kel- (2) "to be prominent; hill." Obsolete, but preserved in place names, where it has various senses derived from the basic one of "island:" "'raised ground in marsh, enclosure of marginal land, land in a river-bend, river meadow, promontory'" ["Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names"]. Cognate Old English holm (only attested in poetic language) meant "sea, ocean, wave."

holm - கலைச்சொற்கள்                 

holm                                             ஆற்றிடைத் தீவு 

                                                            -அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

holm                                             துருத்தி, அரங்கம்           

holm                                             இலையுதிர்க்காத சீமைஆல்வகை       

                        -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

Calculate Related Words

CALCULATE

(Skeat) calculate, to reckon. (L.) In Shak. 2 Hen. VI, iv. 1. 34. This is a Latin form, from the Lat. pp. calculatus. [The older form is the M.E. calculen; see Chaucer, C. T. 11596; =F. calculer, to reckon.] —Lat. caleulare, to reckon by help of small pebbles; pp. calculatus. —Lat. calculus, a pebble; dimin. of calx (stem calc-), a stone; whence also E. chalk. See calx. Der. calcula-ble, calculation, calculat-ive, calculat-or; also calculus, from the Lat. sb.

(Chambers) calculate v. compute, reckon, figure. 1570, borrowed from Late Latin calculātus, past participle of calculāre, from Latin calculus reckoning or account, originally, small stone used in counting, diminutive of calx (genitive calcis) small stone, limestone, see chalk; for suffix see -ate¹. In the late 1500's and 1600's calculate replaced earlier Middle English calculen (before 1378, in a version of Piers Plowman), borrowed from Old French calculer and Late Latin calculāre. Another form of this verb, calk, Middle English calken (probably before 1400) existed, originally, as a shortened form of calculen, and was in use at least into the 1650's. -calculation n. Before 1393, in Gower's Confessio Amantis, borrowed from Anglo-French calculation, from Late Latin calculātiōnem (nominative calculātiō), from calculāre calculate; for suffix see -tion. -calculator n. Before 1425 calkelatour mathematician, in writings of Wycliffe, borrowed from Latin calculātor person versed in arithmetic; for suffix see -or². The meaning "calculating device, such as a set of numerical tables" appeared in English in 1784; the term calculating machine (about 1832) was gradually replaced by calculator with the advent of the small electronic devices for figuring.

(John Ayto) calculate [16] Calculate comes from the past participial stem of the Latin verb calculāre, a derivative of the noun calculus, which meant ‘pebble’. This was almost certainly a diminutive form of Latin calx, from which English gets calcium and chalk. The notion of ‘counting’ was present in the word from ancient times, for a specialized sense of Latin calculus was ‘stone used in counting, counter’ (its modern mathematical application to differential and integral calculus dates from the 18th century). Another sense of Latin calculus was ‘stone in the bladder or kidney’, which was its meaning when originally borrowed into English in the 17^th century. ® calcarious, calcium, calculus, causeway, chalk

(Onions) calculate reckon, compute. xvi. f. pp. stem of late L. calculāre, f. calculus stone (see next); superseded †calcule (xiv-xvi)- (O)F. calculer ( = It. calcolare, Sp. calcular); see -ate³ • So calcula·tion. xiv (Gower). - (O)F.- late L.

(American Heritage) cal·cu·late (kǎlʹkyә-lātʹ) v. cal·cu·lat·ed, cal·cu·lat·ing, cal·cu·lates. — v. tr. 1. To ascertain by computation; reckon: calculating the area of a circle; calculated their probable time of arrival. 2. To make an estimate of; evaluate: calculating the team’s chances of winning. 3. To make for a deliberate purpose; design: a sturdy car that is calculated to last for years; a choice that was calculated to please. 4. Also cal’late (kǎlʹātʹ, -lātʹ). Chiefly New England & Chiefly Upper Southern U.S. a. To suppose: “I cal’late she’s a right smart cook” (Dialect Notes). b. To plan, intend, or count on. — v. intr. 1. To perform a mathematical process; figure: We must measure and calculate to determine how much paint will be needed. 2. To predict consequences. 3. Regional. a. To suppose; guess. b. To count, depend, or rely on someone or something: We’re calculating on your help. [Late Latin calculāre, calculāt-, from Latin calculus, small stone used in reckoning, diminutive of calx, calc-, small stone for gaming. See calx.]

(OED) Calculate

Etymon: Latin calculāt-.

< Latin calculāt- participial stem of calculāre to count, reckon, < calculus a stone (see calculus n.). Compare Italian calcolare, Spanish calcular, Portuguese calcular, French calculer. An early form of the past participle was calculat, ‑ate, < Latin calculātus.

1.a. transitive. To estimate or determine by arithmetical or mathematical reckoning; to compute, reckon.

1.b. absol. To perform calculations, to form an estimate.

2. elliptical. To ascertain beforehand the time or circumstances of (an event, e.g. an eclipse, a nativity) by astrology or mathematics.
3. † To reckon in, count, include. Obsolete.
4. To plan or devise with forethought; to think out; to frame. archaic.

5.a. To arrange, design, prepare, adjust, adapt, or fit for a purpose. Const. for, or infinitive with to; now only in passive.

5.b. In the past participle the notion of design gradually disappears, leaving merely the sense ‘suited’: see calculated adj. (Cf. the similar history of apt, fit, adapted, fitted.)

6. intransitive. To reckon or count uponor on.
7. U.S.colloquial. To think, opine, suppose, ‘reckon’; to intend, purpose.

(Online Etymology) calculate (v.) 1560s, "ascertain by computation, estimate by mathematical means," from Latin calculatus, past participle of calculare "to reckon, compute," from calculus (see calculus). It replaced earlier calculen (mid-14c.), from Old French calculer.

The meaning "to plan, devise" is attested from 1650s; hence "to purpose, intend" and "think, guess" (1830), both U.S. idioms. Related: Calculable.

calculate - கலைச்சொற்கள்                          

electronic calculating punch - மின்துகளியக் கணிப்பீட்டுத் துளைப்புக்கருவி.

அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

calculation - கணக்கீடு, கணிப்பு.

 கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

CALCULATING 

(Skeat) See calculate

(Chambers) See calculate

(Onions) See calculate

(American Heritage) See calculate

(OED) calculating 

< calculate v.1 + ‑ing suffix1.

The action of calculate v.1; calculation.

(Online Etymology) calculating (n.) 1710, "calculation," verbal noun from calculate (v.). Calculating-machine "mechanical computer, machine which performs mathematical calculations" is from 1830 [Babbage].

calculating - கலைச்சொற்கள்                       

calculating machine - கணிப்பெந்திரம்.

அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

calculating machine operator - கணக்கிடும் கருவி இயக்குபவர்.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

calculatus

(Skeat) See calculate

(Chambers) calculus n. system of calculation in higher mathematics. 1666, borrowed from Latin calculus pebble, small stone used in counting, calculation, counting; see calculate.

(John Ayto) See calculate

(Onions) calculus stone in an animal body; †gen. (system of) calculation xvii; spec. in differential, integral (etc.) calculus xviii. - L. calculus pebble, stone in the body, stone used in counting, calculation, the relation of which to L. calx counter, limestone, lime, goal, and Gr. khdlix pebble, is undetermined.

(American Heritage) cal·cu·lus (kǎlʹkyә-lәs) n. pl. cal·cu·li (-līʹ) or cal·cu·lus·es. 1. Pathology. An abnormal concretion in the body, usually formed of mineral salts and found in the gallbladder, kidney, or urinary bladder, for example. 2. Dentistry. Tartar. 3. Abbr. calc. Mathematics. a. The branch of mathematics that deals with limits and the differentiation and integration of functions of one or more variables. b. A method of analysis or calculation using a special symbolic notation. c. The combined mathematics of differential calculus and integral calculus. 4. A system or method of calculation: “[a] dazzling grasp of the nation’s byzantine budget calculus” (David M. Alpern). [Latin, small stone used in reckoning. See calculate.]

(OED) Calculus

Variant forms

Plural calculi, calculuses.

Etymon: Latin calculus.

Latin calculus small stone, diminutive of calx stone, pebble; also, a stone or counter used in playing draughts, a stone used in reckoning on the abacus or counting board, whence, reckoning, calculation, account; and a stone used in voting, whence, vote, sentence.

1. Medicine. ‘A stone. A generic term for concretions occurring accidentally in the animal body’ (New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). Calculi are of many kinds, and receive names from the various parts of the body in which they occur, as renal(in the kidneys), vesical(in the bladder), prostatic (in the prostate), intestinal (in the intestines, chiefly of animals), etc., or from the nature of their composition, as lithic acid, uric acid calculus, etc.
2. † Computation, calculation. Obsolete.
3. Mathematics. A system or method of calculation, ‘a certain way of performing mathematical investigations and resolutions’ (Hutton); a branch of mathematics involving or leading to calculations, as the differentialadj.& n., integral adj. & n. calculus, etc. The differential calculus is often spoken of as ‘the calculus’.

(Online Etymology) calculus (n.) mathematical method of treating problems by the use of a system of algebraic notation, 1660s, from Latin calculus "reckoning, account," originally "pebble used as a reckoning counter," diminutive of calx (genitive calcis) "limestone" (see chalk (n.)). The modern mathematical sense is a shortening of differential calculus.

In medicine, the word also has been used from 1732 to mean kidney stones, etc., then generally for "concretion occurring accidentally in the animal body," such as dental plaque.

calculus - கலைச்சொற்கள்                            

differential calculus - "வகையீட்டு நுண்கணிதம்"; biliary calculus - பித்தக்கல்; calculus of variation - "மாறுபாட்டுக்கவனம்".

- அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

tensor derivative - பல்திசையன் வகையீடு; fundamental theorem of integral calculus - தொகை நுண்கணித அடிப்படைத் தேற்றம்; vector calculus - திசையன் நுண் கணிதம்; exterior differential calculus - புறவகை நுண்கணிதம்; calculus of difference(s) - வேறுபாட்டு நுண்கணிதம்; triple phosphate calculus - மூவகைப் பாஸ்பேட் கற்கள்; staghorn calculus - மான்கொம்புக் கல்; phospate calculus - பாஸ்பேட் கல்; dental calculus - பற் காறை; subgingival calculus - அக ஈற்றுக்காறை; oxalate calculus - ஆக்சலேட் கல்; hedonic calculus - இன்ப(துன்ப)க் கலனம்; salivary calculus - உமிழ்நீர்ச்சுரப்பிக் கற்கள்; lambda calculus - லாம்டா கலனம்; heaviside calculus - ஹெவிசிட் கலனம்; calculus of residues - எச்சங்களின் கலனக்கணிதம்; calculus of variations - மாறுபாடுகளின் கலனகணிதம்; stochastic calculus - வாய்ப்புக் கணிப்பியல்; propositional calculus - உரைக் கலனகணிதம்; matrix calculus - அணி கலனம்; integral calculus - தொகையக் கலனம்; undamental theorem of calculus - கலனகணித அடிப்படைத் தேற்றம்; calculus of finite differences - சிறு வேறுபாட்டுக் கலனகணிதம்; calculus of tensors - மீநெறிய கலனக்கணிதம்; calculus of vectors - நெறியக் கலனகணிதம்; predicate calculus - பயனிலைக் கலன கணிதம்; operational calculus - செயல் கலனம்; calculus, boolean - பூலிய இயற்கணிதம்.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

CHALK (n.)

(Skeat) chalk carbonate of lime. (L.) M.E. chalk, Chaucer, C. T. Group G, 1222. A.S. ceale, Orosius, vi. 32.— Lat. calx (stem calc-), limestone. ¶ It seems uncertain whether we should connect Lat. calx with Gk. χάλιξ, rubble, or with Gk. κρόκη, a pebble, κροκάλη, flint; see Fick, iii, 813; Curtius, i. 177. [The G. kalk, Du., Dan. and Swed. kalk are all borrowed from Latin.] Der. chalk-y, chalk-i-ness. See calx.

(Chambers) chalk n. About 1325 chalk; earlier in compound chalcston chalkstone (before 1200), developed from Old English calc (about 700), later cealc (before 900, in a different dialect); borrowed from Latin calx (genitive calcis) small stone, limestone, chalk, from Greek chálix small stone, pebble, of unknown origin, -v. write or draw with chalk. 1571, from the noun.

(John Ayto) chalk [OE] Latin calx meant broadly ‘lime, limestone’ (it probably came from Greek khálix ‘pebble’). This was borrowed in early times into the Germanic languages, and in most of them it retains this meaning (German kalk, for instance, means ‘limestone’). In English, however, it fairly soon came to be applied to a particular soft white form of limestone, namely chalk (the Old English word was cealc). The Latin word is also the source of English calculate, calcium, and causeway. ® calcium, calculate, causeway

(Onions) chalk white soft earthy limestone. OE. * ćælc, ćealc = OS. calc (Du. kalk), OHG. kalk, chalch (G. kalk, dial. kalch), CWGerm. (like tile and street, an early adoption of a building term)- L. calc-, calx lime, which sense has remained in the Germ. langs. except Eng., where it has taken over that of L. crēta (whence F. craie; cf. crayon). Hence chalk vb. xvi. cha·lky. Xiv; see -y¹.

(American Heritage) chalk (chôk) n. 1. A soft, compact calcite, CaCO₃, with varying amounts of silica, quartz, feldspar, or other mineral impurities, generally gray-white or yellow white and derived chiefly from fossil seashells. 2. a. A piece of chalk or chalklike substance in crayon form, used for marking on a blackboard or other surface. b. Games. A small cube of chalk used in rubbing the tip of a billiard or pool cue to increase its friction with the cue ball. 3. A mark made with chalk. 4. Chiefly British. A score or tally. — v. tr. chalked, chalk·ing, chalks. 1. To mark, draw, or write with chalk: chalked my name on the blackboard. 2. To rub or cover with chalk, as the tip of a billiard cue. 3. To make pale; whiten. 4. To treat (soil, for example) with chalk. —phrasal verb. chalk up. 1. To earn or score: chalk up points. 2. To credit or ascribe: Chalk that up to experience. [Middle English, from Old English cealk, from Latin calx, calc-, lime. See calx.] —chalkʹi·ness n. —chalkʹy adj.

(OED) Chalk

Variant forms: Old English calc, cealc, Middle English–1600s chalke, (Middle English chaalke, shalke), 1500s chauke, chawke, 1500s–1600s chaulk(e, 1500s– chalk. See also cauk n.

Common West Germanic; Old English cealc (< *ceælc, *cælc, *calc) = Old Saxon calc (Middle Dutch calk, Dutch kalk), Old High German chalch (Middle High German kalc, modern German kalk, kalch); also Danish, Swedish, modern Icelandic kalk); < Latin calc-em, calx lime; this sense is retained in the Germanic languages generally, but in English the word passed at an early period into the sense of Latin crēta, Old High German krîde, French craie. Compare the quotations in which Latin calx is translated cealcstan limestone, and the fact that chalk is the chief ‘limestone’ of the S.E. of England.

noun

¶ It occurs in the oldest English Glossaries, as rendering Latin calculus (? = later cealcstan.)

1. † ? Lime. (Traces of this sense after the Old English period are very uncertain; quot. 1572is doubtful.)
2. An opaque white soft earthy limestone, which exists in deposits of vast extent and thickness in the south-east of England, and forms high cliffs along the seashore.

3.a. Applied to other earths resembling chalk. fuller's chalk: ? fuller's earth. In quot. 1658 probably = calx n. brown chalk: a name for umber. French chalk (see French adj. & n. Compounds C.1b). red chalk: a bed of chalk of a deep red colour in Norfolk; also applied to ‘ruddle, a red argillaceous ore of iron’ (New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). black chalk (see quots.).

3.b. spec. Applied to various coloured preparations resembling chalk in texture, and used like it in the form of crayons for drawing. With plural. Also attributive drawn with chalk, executed in chalk.

4. In reference to the old custom at alehouses, etc., of ‘ticking’ or writing up with chalk a ‘score’ or account of credit given: transferred from the chalk used to the chalk marks or ticks on the door, etc., the ‘score’ entered in chalk, the reckoning or account; credit, ‘tick’.

5.a. A mark, line, or ‘score’ made with chalk; spec. in various games (formerly scored with chalk).

5.b. figurative. A scratch or scar. slang.

6. Phrases.

6.a. Chalk and cheese are opposed in various proverbial expressions as things differing greatly in their qualities or value, though their appearance is not unlike, and their names alliterate.

6.b. (by) a long chalk, also by long chalks, by chalks (colloquial): in a great degree, by far (in allusion to the use of chalk in scoring ‘points’, etc.; see 4, 5). to walk one's chalks (slang): to go away, be off.

7. In the names of butterflies and moths, as chalk carpet, chalk hill blue, chalk pit(see quots.).

(Online Etymology) chalk (n.) Old English cealc "chalk, soft white limestone; lime, plaster; pebble," a West Germanic borrowing from Latin calx (2) "limestone, lime (crushed limestone), small stone," borrowed from Greek khalix "small pebble," which many trace to a PIE root for "split, break up," but Beekes writes that "There is no convincing etymology."

chalk - கலைச்சொற்கள்

chalk bed - சுண்ணப்படுகை; chalk industry - சுண்ணக்கட்டித் தொழிலகம்; chalk shrub - சுண்ணப் புதர்; chalky - சுண்ணமார்ந்த; chalk pit - சுண்ணச் சுதைகுழி; chalkstone - சுண்ணக்கல்.

அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

chalk-bed - சீமைச் சுண்ணப்படுக்கை, சுண்ண நில அடுக்கு; chalk-stone - சுண்ணக்கல்;

chalk-pit - சுண்ணச்சுரங்கப் பள்ளம், சுண்ணச் சுதைகுழி; chalk-stones - கீல்வாதம் அல்லது முடக்கு வாதத்தில் கைகால் எலும்பு இணைப்பைச் சுற்றித் தோன்றும் வெண்கசிவுப்ள்.

ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

chalk piece - சுண்ணத்துண்டு; chalk abrasive - சீமைச்சுண்ணாம்பு தேய்ப்புப்பொருள்; french chalk - நுண் சுண்ணக்கட்டி; chalk board - எழுதுபலகை; chalk stripes - வெண்பட்டைத் துணி; tailor’s chalk - தையல்காரருடைய சுண்ணக்கட்டி; folding chalk board - மடிக்கக்கூடிய கரும்பலகை; chalk and talk - கரும்பலகைப் பாடம்; chalk pieces - சுண்ணக்¢கட்டி (எழுதுபொருள்); pure chalk - தனிச் சீமைச் சுண்ணாம்பு; chalk finish - அடர்வுச் சீர்மை.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 10

INCALCULABLE

(Skeat) incalculable, not to be counted. (L.) ‘Do mischiefs incalculable;’ Burke, On Scarcity (R.) From In- (3) and Calecula-ble; see calculate. Der. incalculabl-y,

(American Heritage) in·cal·cu·la·ble (ĭn-kălʹkyә-lә-bәl) adj. 1. a. Impossible to calculate: a mass of incalculable figures. b. Too great to be calculated or reckoned: incalculable wealth. 2. Impossible to foresee; unpredictable: “The motions of her mind were as incalculable as the flit of a bird” (Edith Wharton). —in·calʹcu·la·bilʹi·ty, in·calʹcu·la·ble·ness n. —in·calʹcu·la·bly adv.

(OED) Incalculable

Etymons: in- prefix4, calculable adj.

< in- prefix4 + calculable adj. So in French (1789 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter).

1. That cannot be calculated.

1.a. That cannot be reckoned up; of an amount or number greater than can be computed; beyond calculation.

1.b. That cannot be reckoned or determined beforehand; incapable of being estimated or forecast.

2. Of a person or his or her disposition: That cannot be reckoned upon; such that his or her action cannot be estimated or forecast.

(Online Etymology) incalculable (adj.) "incapable of being reckoned," 1772, from in- (1) "not, opposite of" + calculable "that can be counted" (see calculate). Related: Incalculably; incalculability.

MISCALCULATE

(Skeat) Miscalculate, to calculate amiss. (Hybrid; E. and L.) Late. In Johnson. From Mis- (1) and Calculate. Der. miscalculat-ion.

(American Heritage) mis・cal・cu・late (mĭs-kălʹkyә-lātʹ) v. tr. intr. mis・cal・cu・lat・ed, mis・cal・cu・lat・ing, mis・cal・cu・lates. To count or estimate incorrectly. —mis・calʹcu・laʹtion n.

(OED) Miscalculate

< mis- prefix1 + calculate v.1

1. intransitive. To calculate, estimate, or reckon wrongly; to misjudge a matter, effect, etc.
2. transitive. To calculate, estimate, or reckon (something) wrongly; to misjudge (a matter, effect, etc.). Also with clause as object.

(Online Etymology) miscalculate (v.) "make a wrong estimate of," 1705; from mis- (1) "badly, wrongly" + calculate. Related: Miscalculated; miscalculating.

Charcoal Related words

COAL

(Skeat) coal, charcoal; a combustible mineral. (E.) Μ. Ε. col, Layamon, l. 2366.—A.S. col, coal; Grein, i. 166. + Du. kool. + Icel. and Swed. kol. + Dan. kul. + O.H.G. chol, cholo, Μ. H. G. kol, G. kohle. The Skt. jval, to blaze, burn, is probably from the same root; see Fick, iii. 48. ¶ Of course any connection with Lat. calere, to be hot, is out of the question; an E. c and a Latin c are of different origin. Der. coal-y, coal-fish, coal-heaver, &c.; also collier, q.v.; also collied, i. e. blackened, dark, in Mid. Nt. Dr. i. 1. 145.

(Chambers) coal n. Probably before 1200 col, cole charcoal, in Layamon's Chronicle of Britain, developed from Old English col (before 830, in the Vespasian Psalter); earlier in compound colthred blackened thread, plumb line (about 700). The Old English is cognate with Old Frisian kole charcoal, coal, Middle Dutch cole (modern Dutch kool), Old High German kolo, kol (modern German Kohle), Old Icelandic kol (Swedish and Norwegian kol, Danish kul), from Proto-Germanic *kula(n)-, Irish gúal, and Welsh glo coal, from Indo-European *geu-lo-/gu-lo- glowing coal (Pok.399). -v. 1602, from the noun. coal bin (1423) -coal-black adj. (about 1250) -coal cellar (1281) -coal mine (1475) -coal oil (1858, American English) -coal tar (1785)

(John Ayto) coal [OE] In Old English, col meant ‘glowing ember’. It came from a prehistoric Germanic *kolam (source also of German kohle and Dutch kool), which may be related to Irish Gaelic gual ‘coal’. By the 12th century at the latest it was also being used for ‘charcoal’ (the word charcoal is based on it), but it was not until the mid 13th century that the modern application to the black solid fossil fuel appears. It seems quite likely that the word’s underlying etymological meaning is ‘glow’. Derived from coal are collier [14], which originally meant ‘charcoal-burner’, colliery [17], and possibly collie [17], on the basis of its dark colour. ® charcoal, collier

(Onions) coal koul †glowing piece of wood OE. ; †charcoal xiii; black mineral used for fuel xiii ( orig. seacoal, per h. because orig. derived from beds exposed by marine denudation). OE. col, carr. with variation of form

and gender to OFris., MLG. kale, (LG. kale), MDu. cole (Du. kool), OHG. kol, kola (G. kohle), ON. kol :- CGerm. (exc. Goth.) *kolam, *kolon, referred by some to Skr. jval glow, by others to Olr. gūal, W. glo coal. The present standard form derives from OE. obl. cases.

(American Heritage) coal (kōl) n. 1. a. A natural dark brown to black graphitelike material used as a fuel, formed from fossilized plants and consisting of amorphous carbon with various organic and some inorganic compounds. b. A piece of this substance. 2. A glowing or charred piece of solid fuel. 3. Charcoal. — n. attributive. Often used to modify another noun: coal miners; coal seams; coal haulers. — v. coaled, coal·ing, coals. — v. tr. 1. To burn (a combustible solid) to a charcoal residue. 2. To provide with coal. — v. intr. To take on coal. [Middle English col, from Old English.]

(OED) coal 

Variant forms: α. Old English–Middle English col, coll, Middle English coil, coyll, kole, Middle English–1600s colle, coole, Middle English–1800s cole, 1500s coell, coile, coulles (plural), coyles (plural), 1500s–1600s coolles (plural),1500s–1700s coale, 1500s–coal

Scottish pre-1700 coale, coell, coil, coile, coill, col, cole, colle, coyll, koill, kole, koll, kooll, pre-1700; 1700s coall, pre-1700; 1700s– coal, coll, kol

β. Scottish (north-eastern) 1800s– quile, 1900s– kwile, kwyle, quille, quyle

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian kole, kōle (West Frisian koal), Middle Dutch cōle (in Old Dutch perhaps in a place name; Dutch kool), Middle Low German kōle, kāle, kol, Old High German kolo, kol (Middle High German kol, German Kohle), Old Icelandic kol, Old Swedish kol, kul (Swedish kol), Old Danish cull (Danish kul), variously denoting mineral coal and charcoal in early use; further etymology uncertain.

1.a. In a fire, furnace, etc.: a glowing ember; a piece of carbonized fuel burning or smouldering without flame. Frequently with distinguishing word or phrase, as coal of fire, hot coal, live coal, etc.

1.b. A burnt or partially burnt piece of carbonized fuel which is not now glowing or burning; esp. a partially consumed piece of fuel that retains sufficient carbon to be capable of further combustion. Chiefly with distinguishing word, as dead coal, black coal, etc. Cf. as black as coal at Phrases P.1.

1.c. † The result or residue of combustion; cinders; ashes; charred remains. Also as a count noun: a burnt or charred mass. Obsolete.

2.a. Fuel prepared from wood or other organic matter by a process of smothered combustion or dry distillation, whereby the volatile constituents are driven off and the substance reduced to more or less pure carbon; charcoal. In later use chiefly in plural (cf. charcoal n. 2). Chiefly U.S. and Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) in later use.

2.b. Charcoal used for writing or drawing. Formerly also as a count noun: †a piece of charcoal used in this way; a charcoal pencil (obsolete). Now rare.

3.a. figurative and in figurative contexts (chiefly in sense 1a; in later use also with reference to sense 4).

3.b. † The dark-coloured, flammable head of a match, esp. when burning or smouldering. Obsolete.

3.c. The smouldering tobacco in the bowl of a pipe, or at the tip of a cigar or cigarette. Now chiefly U.S.

4.a. A hard, opaque, combustible black or blackish mineral, consisting mainly of carbon, which occurs in seams or strata at or below the earth's surface and is mined for use as fuel and in industrial processes. (Now the most common sense.) Also as a count noun: any of a number of varieties of this material.

4.b. In plural. Originally: = sense 4a. In later use more commonly: pieces or lumps of coal, esp. for burning. Hence also in singular: a piece or lump of coal (cf. senses 1a, 1b).

5. † A black crust or core in an ulcer, boil, or bubo, esp. in plague or anthrax. Cf. carbunclen.3a. Obsolete. rare.
6. † A charred residue left in a retort after distillation. Cf. sense 1c. Obsolete.

Phrases

P.1. as black (in early use also †swart) as coal and variants: very black

P.2. to heap coals of fire on a person's head and variants: to cause a person to feel remorse or regret, esp. by responding to evil or unkind behaviour with kindness or benevolence.

P.3.

P.3.a. to blow the coals and variants: to stir up or increase the intensity of a feeling, conflict, etc.; esp. to excite ill feeling; to cause trouble. Frequently with of. Cf. to blow the fire at blow v.1 II.ii.17b, to fan the flame at flame n. 6a. Now rare.

P.3.b. to stir the coals and variants: to make trouble; to incite conflict or ill feeling. Now also with of: to encourage or increase the intensity of (a feeling, etc.). Cf. to blow the coals at Phrases P.3a.

P.3.c. † to blow hot coals: to rage fiercely. Obsolete.

P.3.d. Chiefly Scottish. a cold coal to blow at: a hopeless or unprofitable task. Now rare.

P.3.e. to rake over the coals: see rake v.2 Phrases P.3. Cf. also rake v.2 Phrases P.4.

P.4. † to carry (also bear) coals: to do degrading or menial work; (hence figurative) to submit to humiliating or insulting treatment. Obsolete (archaic in later use). Cf. coal carrier n. 1.

P.5.  to haul (a person) over the coals and variants: to call (a person) to account; to rebuke or reprimand severely. Cf. to rake a person over the coals at rake v.2 Phrases P.4.

P.6. precious coals: see precious adj., adv., & n. Compounds C.1.

P.7. to carry coals to Newcastle and variants: to supply something to a place where it is already plentiful; (hence) figurative to do something wholly superfluous or unnecessary.

P.8. to pour (the) coal to (also into): see pour v. Phrases P.4.

(Online Etymology) coal (n.) Old English col "charcoal; live coal, piece of wood or other combustible substance, either burning or having been burned," from Proto-Germanic *kula(n) (source also of Old Frisian kole, Middle Dutch cole, Dutch kool, Old High German chol, German Kohle, Old Norse kol), from PIE root *g(e)u-lo- "live coal" (source also of Irish gual "coal").

coal - கலைச்சொற்கள்                                   

coal fish - புறப்பசுமீன்; coal petrology - நிலக்கரிப் பாறையியல்; coal ball - நிலக்கரிப் பந்து; coal sack nebula - கரிமூடை ஒண்முகிற்படலம்; coal-breaker - நிலக்கரி உடைப்பான்; coal swamps - நிலக்கரிச் சதுப்பு; brown coal - பழுப்பு நிலக்கரி; coal chemicals - நிலக்கரி வேதிகள்; coal tar dye - நிலக்கரிநெய்ச் சாயம்; bunker coal - தொட்டிக்கரி; coal gasification - கரி-வளியாக்கம்; coal cutter - நிலக்கரி வெட்டி; alum coal - படிக்கார நிலக்கரி; bal coal - பந்து நிலக்கரி; coalesced copper - கூட்டிய செம்பு; coalification - நிலக்கரியாக்கம்; apple coal - அரத்தி நிலக்கரி; bituminous coal - புகைமலிநிலக்கரி; coalescence efficiency - ஒருங்கு-கலப்புத்திறம்; coalition government - இணைவரசு;caking coal - பசை-நிலக்கரி; bone coal - எலும்பு நிலக்கரி; coal mining - நிலக்கரிச் சுரங்கவேலை; coal face - நிலக்கரிமுகப்பு; chain coal cutter - தொடரி நிலக்கரிவெட்டி; coal pebbles - நிலக்கரிக் கூழாங்கற்கள்; coal fired plant - நிலக்கரி எரிவிப்பு நிலையம்; circular coal - வட்ட நிலக்கரி; coal gas - நிலக்கரி வளி; coal bed - நிலக்கரி அடுக்கு; breakage of coal - நிலக்கரியுடைவு; coal breccia - நிலக்கரிக் கோணத்துண்டுகள்; coal tar - நிலக்கரிநெய்; coal clay - நிலக்கரிக் களி; continuous coal cutter - தொடர் நிலக்கரிவெட்டி; burnt coal - எரிந்த நிலக்கரி; coal hole - நிலக்கரிப் புழை

coal dust - நிலக்கரித் தூசு; banded coal - சால்வரி நிலக்கரி; anthracite coal - அனல்மிகு நிலக்கரி; coalition - கூட்டிணைவு; coalescence - ஒருங்கிணைவு; blind coal - இயற்கை நிலக்கரி; day coal - நிலக்கரியின் மேலடுக்கு; coal measures - நிலக்கரியளவுகள்; coalescence process - ஒருங்கு-கலப்புவளர்ச்சி; cannel-coal - எரிசுடர்-நிலக்கரி; bony coal - என்பு நிலக்கரி; coal field - நிலக்கரிக் களம்; coal oil - நிலக்கரி நெய்யம்; cherry coal - மென்பத நிலக்கரி.

அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

activated coal plough - கிளர்த்திய கரிக்கொழு; arc wall coal cutter - வில் சுடர்க் கரிச்சுவர் வெட்டி; admiralty coal - ஆழி நிலக்கரி.

 அறிவியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி: (1997)

coalball - நிலக்கரியில் காணப்படும் சுண்ணமடங்கிய கணு; coal-black - நிலக்கரிபோல் கறுப்பான, மிகு கறுப்பான; wood-coal - மஞ்சள் வரியமைவுடைய நிலக்கரி; block-coal - நீள்சதுக்கப் பாளமாகவே இயல்பாய் உடையும் நிலக்கரி; coal-cutter - நிலக்கரி அடுக்கைக் கீழறுப்பதற்கான இயந்திரம்; steam-coal - நீராவிக் கொதிகல உயர்தர நிலக்கரி; navigation-coal - நீராவிக் கொதிகலங்களுக்குப் பயன்படுத்தப் பெறும் நிலக்கரி வகை; coal-field - நிலக்கரிக்களம், நிலக்கரி அடுக்குகள் உள்ள மாவட்டம்; gathering-coal - காலைநேரம் வரையில் எரிந்து கொண்டிருப்பதாக நெருப்பிற் போடப்படும் பெரிய நிலக்கரித்துண்டு; coal-flap - நிலக்கரிச் சுரங்கப் புழைமீது பாதையில் இடப்பட்டுள்ள மூடி; cannel - எரிமூட்டு நிலக்கரி; coal-heaver - நிலக்கரி தூக்கிச் செல்லும் தொழிலாளி;

coal-master - நிலக்கரி விளைபுலத்தின் உரிமையாளர், நிலக்கரி விளைபுலத்தின் குத்தகைகாரர்; coal-scuttle - நிலக்கரிக்கூடை; coal-whipper - நிலக்கரியைக் கப்பலிருந்து படகில் இறக்குபவர்; coal-bed - நிலக்கரி அடுக்கு; coalmouse - கருநிறமுடைய சிறு பறவை வகை; splint-coal - பாள நிலக்கரி, பலகைபோல் அடையடையாக உடைபடும் நிலக்கரி வகை; coal-brass - நிலக்கரியோடு காணப்படும் இரும்புக் கந்தகக்கல்; stone-coal - மட்கரி, நிலக்கீல் சத்தற்ற நிலக்கரி வகை; coal-face - நிலக்கரி முகப்பு, சுரங்கத்தில் கண்ணுக்குத் தெரியும் நிலக்கரிப் பக்கம்; coal-fish - முதுகுப்புறம் பச்சையான கடல் மீன்வகை; gas-coal - வளி வழங்கும் நிலக்கீல் சத்துடைய நிலக்கரி வகை; coal-gas - கரி வளி, விளக்குக்கும் வெப்பத்துக்கும் உரிய எரிபொருளாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிற நிலக்கரி வடிப்பின் இடைவிளைவான வளிக்கலவை; day-coal - நிலக்கரியின் மேல் அடுக்கு; coal-hole - சிறு நிலக்கரிக் கீழறை; coal-owner - நிலக்கரிச் சுரங்க உரிமையாளர்;

coal-tar - கீல், கரி எண்ணெய்; cherry-coal - மென்பதமுள்ள பளபளக்கும் நிலக்கரி வகை.

ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

coal-tar dy - மீகரி எண்ணெய்ச்சாயம்; coal tar end coating - கரிக்கீல் பூசுதல்; environmental impacts of coal - நிலக்கரியின் சுற்றுச்சூழல் தாக்கம்; coal washing - நிலக்கரி கழுவுதல்; clean coal technology - தூயநிலக்கரித் தொழில்நுட்பம்; coal fields - நிலக்கரிக் களங்கள் (வயல்கள்); float coal - மிதப்புக் கரி; paper coal - தாள் கரி, படல நிலக்கரி; carboniferous coal bed - நிலக்கரித்தோற்ற ஊழி அடுக்கு; hard coal - கடின நிலக்கரி; rice coal - சிறு நிலக்கரி; coal-tar epoxy - நிலக்கரி எண்ணெய்ப்பிசின்; noncaking coal - திரட்டின்றி எரியும் கரி; coal bank - புறநிலக்கரி அடுக்கு; yellow coal - மஞ்சள் நிலக்கரி; giesler coal test - கைஸ்லர் கரிமச்சோதனை; coking coal - கற்கரியாக்கக் கரி; molded coal - அச்சிட்ட கரி; soft coal - மட்கரி; crop coal - தாழ்நிலைக் கரி; mustard-seed coal - கடுகுவிதைக் கரி; algal coal - கடற்பாசி கரி; ground coal - நிலக்கரிப் படுகை; stone coal - கல்கரி; longwall coal cutter - நெடுஞ்சுவர் கரிவெட்டி; eye coal - புவி உள் கரித்தட்டு; parabituminous coal - புற நிலக்கீல் கரிவகை; salable coal - விற்பனைக்கேற்ற கரி; hanging coal - தொங்கு நிலக்கரிப்படுகை; dull coal - மங்கல் கரி; paralic coal basin - கடலோர கரிப்படிவு; semibituminous coal - குறை கரிக்கீல்; coal plough - நிலக்கரி வெட்டு கலப்பை; cannel coal - எரிமூட்டு நிலக்கரி; high-rank coal - உயர்தரக்கரி; attrital coal - உராய்வுக்கரி; semisplint coal - குறைபாள நிலக்கரி; pebble coal - கூழாங்கல் கரி; humic coal - தாவர மக்குக் கரி; radial percussive coal cutter - ஆர மொத்து கரிவெட்டி; coal-sensing probe - நிலக்கரி சலாகை; orthohydrous coal - செங்குத்து ஹைட்ரஜன் கரி; resinous coal - செயற்கைப்பிசின் கரி; coal-tar enamel - கரிக்கீலக் கனிமப்பூச்சு; nonbanded coal - ஒளிர்வில் கரி; boghead coal - ஆல்கா நிலக்கீல் கரி; unit of coal - அலகு நிலக்கரிக் குவியல்; medium-volatile bituminous coal - இடைநிலை ஆவியாகு நிலக்கீல் கரி; bright coal - ஒளிர் கருங்கரி; coal-tar pitch - நிலக்கரிப்பசை களிக்கட்டி; coal barrier - நிலக்கரித் தடையரண்; turret coal cutter - சுழற்கூண்டு கரிவெட்டி; coal liquefaction - நிலக்கரி நீர்மமாக்கம்; grade of coal - நிலக்கரித் தரம்; coal blasting - நிலக்கரி வெடித்துடைப்பு; splint coal - பாள நிலக்கரி; fluid coal - பாய்மக் கரி; jet coal - கடும்பளபளப்பு நிலக்கரி; allochthonous coal - இடம்சரிந்த நிலக்கரி; sub bituminous coal - நிலக்கீல் கரிவகை; rider coal seam - சிறு கரி இடைப்படுகை; dry-cleaned coal - உலர் தூய்மைக்கரி; low-volatile coal - தாழ்ஆவியாகு கரி; sapropelic coal - திறந்தநீர் கரி; coal planer - நிலக்கரி சுரங்கப்பொறி; paraffin coal - வெண்மெழுகுக் கரி; coal drill - நிலக்கரித் துரப்பணம்; hard-coal plough - கடினக்கரி கிளறி; arcwall coal cutter - வில் நிலக்கரி வெட்டி; semibright coal - குறைஒளிர்வு கரி; coal sizes - விற்பனைக்கரி அளவுகள்; peat coal - மண் பழுப்புக்கரி; ball coal - குண்டு நிலக்கரி; high-volatile bituminous coal - மீவேக ஆவியாகு நிலக்கீல் கரி; autochthonous coal - தன் தாவர கழிவுக்கரி; pseudocannel coal - போலி எரிமூட்டு நிலக்கரி; shortwall coal cutter - சிறு சுரங்கப்பரப்பு கரிவெட்டி; coal-in oil suspension - நிலக்கரி கரைந்த எண்ணெய்; chestnut coal - சிறுகரி; needle coal – ஊசிக்கரி; block coal - இயல்பாய் உடையும் நிலக்கரி; reconstructed coal - மறுகட்டமை கரி; coal-tar dye - கரிக்கீல் சாயம்; coal tar coating - தார்பூசுதல்; coal lobby - நிலக்கரி முகப்பு அறை; coal tar color - நிலக்கரி வண்ணம்; formation of coal - கரி உருவாதல்; coal extraction - நிலக்கரி பிரித்தெடுத்தல்; steam coal - நீராவி நிலக்கரி.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

CHARCOAL

(Skeat) charcoal; see char (1). [+]

char (1), to turn’to charcoal. (E.) | Charcoal occurs in Butler’s Hudibras, pt. ii.c.1.1.424. In Boyle’s Works, v. ii. p. 141, we read: ‘His profession. . did put him upon finding a way of charring sea-coal, wherein it is in about three hours . . brought to charcoal; of which having. . made him take out some pieces, . . I found them upon breaking to be properly charr’d’ (R.) To char simply means ‘to turn.’ Cf. ‘Then Nestor broil’d them on the cole-turn’d woo;’ Chapman’s Odyssey, bk. iii. 1.623. And again: ‘But though the whole world turn to coal;’? G. Herbert’s Poems; Vertue. M.E. cherren, charren, to turn. See below.

(Chambers) charcoal n. 1371 charcole, from char-, of uncertain origin, + cole coal. It is suggested that char- comes from char to turn (in reference to wood being "turned" or "converted" into coal); another possible source of char- is by shortening of Middle French charbon charcoal, from Latin carbōnem, accusative of carbō charcoal, carbon.

(John Ayto) charcoal [14] The words char and charcoal are related, but not in the way commonsense might lead one to suppose: for the verb char [17], originally apparently a charcoal-burner’s term, appears to derive from charcoal. So etymologically, the element char has nothing to do with ‘burning’. There are two main suggestions as to charcoal’s origins: firstly that it comes from Old French charbon ‘charcoal’ (related to English carbon); and secondly that it represents the now obsolete English verb chare (see charwoman), which in Old English times (cerran) meant ‘turn’. On the basis of this theory, the etymological meaning of the word would be ‘turning into charcoal’ (for in Old English, coal meant ‘charcoal’ as well as ‘coal’).

(Onions) charcoal solid residue of the imperfect combustion of wood, etc. xiv. The second element, coal, orig. meant 'charcoal' ; the first el. is obscure, but has been referred to chare, as if the camp. Meant 'turn-coal', Cf. char² (†chark).

(American Heritage) char·coal (chärʹkōlʹ) n. 1. A black, porous, carbonaceous material, 85 to 98 percent carbon, produced by the destructive distillation of wood and used as a fuel, filter, and absorbent. 2. a. A drawing pencil or crayon made from this material. b. A drawing executed with such a pencil or crayon. 3. Color. A dark grayish brown to black or dark purplish gray. — v. tr. char·coaled, char·coal·ing, char·coals. 1. To draw, write, or blacken with a black, carbonaceous material. 2. To charbroil. [Middle English charcol: char (perhaps from Old French charbon, from Latin carbo); see carbon + col, charcoal, coal; see coal.]

(OED) Charcoal

Variant forms: Middle English–1600s charcole, Middle English charcolle, charkole, 1500s chark(e cole, ( colle, coole), cherke cole, charecole, 1600s charcoll, charcoale, charecoale, char-cole, charcoale, charr-coale, 1600s–1700s char-coal, 1600s– charcoal.

Etymology: The first element is of uncertain origin; from the earliest instances it appears to be char; charke, cherke, found from beg. of 16th cent., being apparently due to metanalysis of the spoken word, and having no independent origin or meaning, though afterwards (in 17th cent.) used as an independent word. A current suggestion is that char- is an application of chare v.1 or chare n.1, as if turn-coal, i.e. wood turned or converted into coal; but for this no actual evidence has been found.

1.a.  The black porous pulverizable substance, consisting (when pure) wholly of carbon, obtained as the solid residue in the imperfect combustion of wood, bones, and other vegetable or animal matter. Hence specified as animal charcoal, wood charcoal; vegetable charcoal. †pit charcoal, coke (obsolete).

1.b. † = carbon n. Obsolete.

1.c. † ? = carbonate n.

1.d. = charcoal grey n. Also attributive. Originally U.S.

2. † collective pluralin sense of 1. Obsolete.
3. A charcoal pencil or crayon for drawing.
4. Short for ‘charcoal drawing’.
5. plural. ‘The name by which the best tin plates are known; these are always made by charcoal fires’ (Ure Dict. ArtsI. 767).

(Online Etymology) charcoal (n.) "coal made by subjecting wood to smothered combustion," mid-14c., charcole, from coal; the first element is either Old French charbon "charcoal," or [Middle English Compendium] Middle English charren "to turn, change" (from Old English cerran) + cole "coal," thus, "turned to coal."

charcoal - கலைச்சொற்கள்

charcoal iron - கரியிரும்பு; charcoal rot - கரியழுகல்; bone charcoal - என்புக்கரி; animal charcoal - விலங்குக்கரி; charcoal blacking - கரியாற் கருமையாக்கல்; charcoal furnace - கரியுலை; charcoal plate - கரித்தகடு; charcoal test - கரியாய்வு; activated charcoal - ஊக்கப்பட்ட கரி; charcoal filters - கரிவடிகட்டிகள்.

 அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

sugar charcoal - சர்க்கரைக் கரி; activated charcoal   - செயலூக்கப்பட்ட கரி; red charcoal - மாசுற்ற அடுக்குக் கரி; charcoal canister - ஆவிபிடி கரிப்பெட்டி; redhot charcoal - எரிதழல் கரி; charcoal grill - கரிபடல் அடுப்பு; compressed charcoal - செறி கரி, திண்கரி; stick charcoal - குச்சிக் கரித்துண்டு; charcoal paper - கரிப்பூச்சுத் தாள்; powdered charcoal - பொடித்த கரித்தூள்.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

COAL-BLACK

 (Chambers) See coal

(OED) coal-black 

Variant forms: See coal n. and black adj. & n.

Etymology: < coal n. + black adj.

As black as coal; very dark.

(Online Etymology) coal-black (adj.) "black as coal," mid-13c., from coal (n.) + black (adj.).

COAL-MINER

(Chambers) See coal

(OED) coal-miner

Variant forms: See coal n. and miner n.1

Etymons: coal n., miner n.1

< coal n. + miner n.1 Compare earlier coal mine n.

A person who works in a coal mine; a person who digs for coal.

(Online Etymology) coal-miner (n.) 1630s, from coal (n.) + miner.

COAL-TAR 

(Chambers) See coal

(American Heritage) coal tar (kōl tär) n. A viscous black liquid containing numerous organic compounds that is obtained by the destructive distillation of coal and used as a roofing, waterproofing, and insulating compound and as a raw material for many dyes, drugs, and paints.

(OED) coal-tar 

< coal n. + tar n.1

A form of tar produced by distilling bituminous coal, used as a sealant and preservative and in antiseptic skin preparations, and as a source of organic chemicals.

(Online Etymology) coal-tar (n.) "thick, black, viscid liquid left by the distillation of gas from coal," 1785, from coal (n.) + tar (n.).

also from 1785

COLLIER

(Skeat) collier, a worker in a coal-mine. (E.) M.E. colier, colzer; spelt also kolier, cholier, William of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 2520, 2523. Formed from M.E. col, coal, by help of the suffix -er, with the insertion of i for convenience of pronunciation, just as in law-yer for law-er, bow-yer for bow-er, saw-yer for saw-er. Thus the strict spelling should, by analogy, have been col-yer. See further under coal. Der. collier-y.

(Chambers) collier (kol'yər) n. coal miner; ship for carrying coal. 1276 collere charcoal maker and seller; later colier (1408-09), formed from Middle English col coal + -ere, -ier-er¹. -colliery n. 1635, formed from English collier +-y³, as in -ery.

(John Ayto) See coal

(Onions) collier †charcoal-burner xiv; coalminer xvi, ME. colyer, f. col coal; see -ier. Hence colliery xvii.

(American Heritage) col·lier (kŏlʹyәr) n. 1. A coal miner. 2. Nautical. A coal ship. [Middle English colier, from col, coal, from Old English.]

(OED) collier

Variant forms: Middle English kolier, cholier, Middle English colyȝere, colȝer(e, coliare, coler, Middle English–1500s colyer, colier, ( coilȝear), 1500s colyar, coliar, 1500s–1600s colliar, collyer, (1700s coallier), 1500s– collier.

Etymons: English col, coal n.

Middle English colier, colyer, etc., < col, coal n., apparently after words from French in ‑ier suffix. The Scots coilȝear, and other Middle English spellings, imply that the o was then long; collier with short o, appears to be later: compare colly adj., colly v.1

1. One whose occupation or trade is to procure or supply coal (formerly charcoal); one engaged in the coal trade.

I.1. † A maker of wood charcoal (who also was often the bringer of it to market). Obsolete.

I.2. † 

I.2.a. One who carries coal (originally charcoal, later also pit-coal) for sale. Obsolete.

I.2.b. † A coal-dealer or owner. Obsolete.

I.3. † Often used with allusion to the dirtiness of the trade in coal, or the evil repute of the collier for cheating: cf. Greene's Coosnage of Colliers (1591). Obsolete.

I.4. One who works in a coal-mine; a coal-miner.

1. transferred.

II.5.a. A ship engaged in the carriage of coal. Earlier collier-ship. Also attributive.

II.5.b. One of the crew of such a vessel.

II.6. The swift (Cypselus apus). dialect.

II.7. A species of Aphis; also collier-aphis, collier-fly.

(Online Etymology) collier (n.) late 14c. (late 13c. as a surname), collere "charcoal maker and seller," agent noun from Middle English col (see coal). They were notorious for cheating their customers. Meaning "digger in a coal mine" is from 1590s. Sense of "coasting-vessel for hauling coal" is from 1620s.

SEACOAL (n.)

(OED) Seacoal

Etymology: < sea n. + coal n.

1. † In Old English: Jet. Obsolete.

2.a. A name for mineral coal (‘coal’ in the ordinary modern sense) as distinguished from charcoal. Now historical.

2.b. U.S. rare. ‘Soft coal as distinguished from anthracite’ (Funk's Stand. Dict. 1895).

(Online Etymology) seacoal (n.) also sea-coal, old name for "mineral coal, fossil coal" (as opposed to charcoal), late 13c., secol; earlier, in Old English, it meant "jet," which chiefly was found washed ashore by the sea. See sea + coal (n.). The coal perhaps was so called for its resemblance to jet, or because it was first dug from beds exposed by wave erosion. As it became the predominant type used, the prefix was dropped.

COCA-COLA

(OED) coca cola

Etymon:  coca n., kola n.¹

A proprietary name for: a carbonated non-alcoholic cola drink. Cf. Coke n.³

(Online Etymology) Coca-Cola invented 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., by druggist Dr. John S. Pemberton. So called because original ingredients were derived from coca leaves and cola nuts. It contained minute amounts of cocaine until 1909.

KOLA

(Chambers) kola or cola (kōʹlə) n. bitter brownish nut of an African tree, used to give flavor to soft drinks. 1830, variant of earlier cola (1795); of African origin (compare Temne kola, Mandingo kolo).

(American Heritage) kola, co·la⁴ also ko·la (kōʹ lә) n. Either of two tropical African evergreen plants (Cola acuminata or C. nitida) having reddish, fragrant, nutlike seeds yielding an extract that contains caffeine and theobromine and is used in carbonated beverages and pharmaceuticals. [Of West African origin; akin to Temne k la, kola nut.]

(OED) kola

Variant forms 1500s–cola 1600s–kola

Etymons: Italian cola, Portuguese cola.

1.1597–Originally: †the fruit of an unidentified tropical African tree (obsolete). In later use: the edible seed of any of several tropical African trees of the genus Cola, esp. C. acuminata and C. nitida, which contains caffeine and theobromine and is typically chewed as a stimulant or digestive, or used in cookery; = kola nut n. Also: these seeds collectively; the flesh of these seeds.

(Online Etymology) kola (n.) "the cola nut," 1830, variant of cola (q.v.). 

KOALA

(Chambers) koala, (köälə) n. furry bearlike animal of Australia. 1808, borrowed from the aboriginal name of the ani-mal, recorded at various times and in various places in Australia as koola, kūlla, and kūlā.

(Onions) koala, Australian arboreal marsupial. xix. - native names kūlla, kūllā. The current form koala arose perh. as a misreading of koola, which was formerly current.

(American Heritage) koala, ko·a·la (kō-äʹlә) n. An arboreal Australian marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus) that has dense grayish fur, large ears, and sharp claws and feeds chiefly on the leaves of eucalyptus trees. [Dharuk (Aboriginal language of southeast Australia) gulawaŋ.]

(OED) koala 

Variant forms Also 1800s coola(h, kool-la, koolah.

< an Australian Aboriginal language: given as kūlla in Dippil, kūlā on George's River (Ridley Kámilarói, pp. 64, 104); koala was perhaps originally a misreading of koola. Hence the name of the town Coolah in New South Wales.

In full, koala bear. An arboreal marsupial mammal of Australia (Phascolarctos cinereus), of an ashen-grey colour, small, clumsy, and somewhat resembling a sloth in form, and feeding on the leaves of eucalyptus. Also called the Australian or Native Bear.

(Online Etymology) koala, koala (n.) Australian marsupial, 1808, from the Aboriginal name of the animal, variously given as koola, kulla, kula.

koala – கலைச்சொற்கள்

koala, koolah - ஆஸ்திரேலியாவிலுள்ள மரம் வாழ் பாலுணி விலங்கு வகை.

­ -ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

ALCOHOL

(Skeat) alcohol, pure spirit. (F.,— Arabic.) Borrowed from F. alcool, formerly spelt alcohol (see Brachet), the original signification of which is a fine, impalpable powder. ‘If the same salt shall be reduced into alcohol, as the chymists speak, or an impalpable powder, the particles and intercepted spaces will be extremely lessened;’ Boyle (in Todd’s Johnson). — Arab. alkahál or alkohl, compounded of al, the definite article, and kahál or kohl, the (very fine) powder of antimony, used to paint the eyebrows with. See Richardson’s Dict. p. 1173; cf. kuhl, collyrium; Palmer’s Pers. Dict. col. 484. The extension of meaning from ‘fine powder’ to ‘rectified spirit’ is European, not Arabic, Der, alcohol-ic, alcohol-ize. [+]

(Chambers) alcohol n. 1543, fine powder, borrowed from Medieval Latin alcohol powdered ore of antimony, from Arabic al-koh'l the powdered metal, kohl (metallic powder used in the Orient to stain the eyelids).

The original sense of a powder refined by heating to a vapor and condensing to a solid was extended in 1672 to fluids: distillate of a liquid, essence; and finally, in 1753, to spirit of wine and by extension to the spirit of any fermented liquor.

(John Ayto) alcohol [16] originally, alcohol was a powder, not a liquid. the word comes from arabic al-kuhul, literally ‘the kohl’ – that is, powdered antimony used as a cosmetic for darkening the eyelids. This was borrowed into English via French or medieval Latin, and retained this ‘powder’ meaning for some centuries (for instance, ‘they put between the eyelids and the eye a certain black powder made of a mineral brought from the kingdom of Fez, and called Alcohol’, George Sandys, Travels 1615). but a change was rapidly taking place: from specifically ‘antimony’, alcohol came to mean any substance obtained by sublimation, and hence ‘quintessence’. Alcohol of wine was thus the ‘quintessence of wine’, produced by distillation or rectification, and by the middle of the 18th century alcohol was being used on its own for the intoxicating ingredient in strong liquor. The more precise chemical definition (a compound with a hydroxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon group) developed in the 19^th century. → kohl

(Onions) alcohol æ·lkŏhol fine metallic powder, esp. as produced by sublimation xvi ; distilled or rectified spirit, e.g. a. of wine (after Paracel-sus) xvii; spec. rectified spirit of wine xviii; ( chem.) compound of the type of this xix. -F. (now alcool) or medL. alcohol- Arab. alkol’l collyrium (fine powder used in the East to stain the eyelids), i.e. al AL-², kohl. Hence alcoholic ælkŏho·lik. xviii a·lcoholrsM. xix. - modL. (Magnus Huss, 1852)

(American Heritage) alcohol, al·co·hol (ălʹkә-hôlʹ, - hôlʹ) n. 1. Abbr. al., alc. A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, C₂H₅OH, synthesized or obtained by fermentation of sugars and starches and widely used, either pure or denatured, as a solvent and in drugs, cleaning solutions, explosives, and intoxicating beverages. Also called ethanol, ethyl alco-hol, grain alcohol. 2. Intoxicating liquor containing alcohol. 3. Any of a series of hydroxyl compounds, the simplest of which are derived from saturated hydrocar-bons, have the general formula C_nH_2n+1OH, and include ethanol and methanol. [Medieval Latin, fine metallic powder, especially of antimony, from Arabic al-kuhl : al, the + kuhl, powder of antimony.]

(OED) alcohol

Variant forms 1500s alcofoll (in sense 1), alcoholl, alcoll,  1500s–1600s alcoole, 1500s–1700s alcohole, alcool, 1500s; 1700s– (now nonstandard) alchohol, 1600s alcahole, alchoole, alcohool, alkool, allcool, 1600s–1700s alcahol, alchool, alcohol, 1600s; 1800s–  (now nonstandard) alchool, alcohol, 1800s al-cohol (in sense 1b), al-ka-hol (in sense 1b)

Etymon: Latin alcohol.

< post-classical Latin alcohol, alcool, alcol, alcofol kohl (galena (lead sulfide) or stibnite (antimony sulfide)) (from 13th cent. in British sources), spirit, essence obtained by distillation (a1527 in Paracelsus in alcool vini, also alcohol vini) (perhaps via Spanish alcohol: see below) < Arabic al-kuḥl, Spanish Arabic al-kuḥul < al the + kuḥl, Spanish Arabic kuḥul eye cosmetic, also denoting various specific substances used as eye cosmetics or eye unguents (compare kohl n.1) < the same base as Arabic kaḥala, Hebrew kāḥal (in the Bible only in an isolated attestation in Ezekiel 23:40), both in sense ‘to stain, to paint’, Akkadian guḫlu antimony (used as eye paint).

Compare Middle French alcohol, (rare) alcofol, French alcool, †alcohol, †alcol, †alkol, †alkool, etc., the chief senses of which are: ‘kohl, very fine powder’ (c1370 in a translation of Chauliac; the precise sense is often difficult to determine in early quots.), ‘essence obtained by distillation’ (1620, originally and chiefly with reference to spirit of wine), ‘ethanol’ (1792), ‘any of the members of a similar class of chemical compounds’ (1834: see note below). Compare also Spanish alcohol (c1200 as †alcofor; also †alcofol, †alcool, †alcol, etc.), the chief senses of which are: ‘powder used as eye cosmetic’ (c1200 as †alcofor), ‘galena, sulfide of lead’ (1541), ‘antimony, also any of various minerals containing antimony, especially stibnite’ (a1555 or earlier; in a number of early instances denoting minerals (from the second half of the 12th cent.) it is impossible to tell whether the word denotes galena (sulfide of lead) or antimony sulfide), ‘spirit of wine, ethanol’ (1730), ‘any of the members of a similar class of chemical compounds’ (1865).

Compare also Catalan alcofoll kohl (1249), alcohol spirit of wine (17th cent.), Portuguese álcool (1712; 1691 as †alcohol), Italian alcool (14th cent. (as †alcocol, †alcocollo, †alcoel, alcool, in a small number of attestations) in sense ‘fine powder’, 1732 in sense ‘spirit of wine’); also Dutch alcohol (1663 in sense ‘fine powder’, 1736 in sense ‘spirit of wine’), German Alkohol (1525 in Paracelsus as alkool in sense ‘fine powder, essence’, early 19th cent. in sense ‘intoxicating element in fermented liquors, ethanol’). 

† 1.a. Chemistry. A fine powder, esp. as produced by grinding. Obsolete.

1.b. A black powder used as eye make-up, esp. in North Africa and the Middle East; = kohl n.1 Obsolete.

2.a. † A liquid essence or spirit obtained by distillation, as alcohol of wine. Obsolete.

2.b. figurative. With of: quintessence, concentrated spirit.

3.a.A colourless volatile flammable liquid which is naturally produced in aqueous solution by the fermentation of sugars, and which is the intoxicating constituent of drinks such as beer, wine, and spirits (in which it is concentrated by distillation). Also called ethanol, ethyl alcohol.

3.b. This substance consumed as the intoxicating ingredient of alcoholic drink; drink containing alcohol, such as beer, wine, gin, whisky, etc.; intoxicating or spirituous liquor.              

4.Chemistry. Any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons containing a hydroxyl group (—OH) attached to a carbon atom and having the general formula CnH₂n _{+ 1}OH; (more widely) any open-chain or cyclic hydrocarbon with one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms.          

Phrases

† alcohol of sulfur noun

Obsolete. = carbon disulfide n.

(Online Etymology) alcohol (n.) 1540s (early 15c. as alcofol), "fine powder produced by sublimation," from Medieval Latin alcohol "powdered ore of antimony," from Arabic al-kuhul "kohl," the fine metallic powder used to darken the eyelids, from kahala "to stain, paint." The al- is the Arabic definite article, "the." Paracelsus (1493-1541) used the word to refer to a fine powder but also a volatile liquid. By 1670s it was being used in English for "any sublimated substance, the pure spirit of anything," including liquids.

alcohol- கலைச்சொற்கள்

absolute alcohol - "தூயவெறியம்"; dealcoholization -  "வெறிய நீக்கம்"; alcohol craving - "மதுவேட்கை"

- அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

power alcohol - "எரி சாராயம்"; alcohol meter - சாராய அளவி; alcohol fuel - சாராய எரிபொருள்

- அறிவியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி: (1997)

primary alcohol - முதன்மை ஆல்கஹால்; alcohol ablation - (இதய இடைச்சுவர்) சாராயவழிச் சுருக்கம்; alcohol dependence - குடிப்பழக்கத்திற்கு அடிமை; fetal alcohol syndrome - கருக்குழந்தை மது நோயியம்; industrial alcohol - தொழிற்சாலை எரிசாராயம்; alcohol fermentation - ஆல்கஹால் நொதித்தல்; methyl alcohol - மீதைல் எரிசாராயம்; alcohol permeability - ஆல்கஹால் பொசிமை; alcohol poisoning - சாராய நஞ்சு பாதிப்பு; alcohol fractionation - ஆல்கஹால் பிரிகை; alcohol thermometer - சாராய வெப்பநிலைஅளவி; secondary alcohol - இரண்டாம்நிலை ஆல்கஹால்; denatured alcohol - இயல்புதிரிந்த ஆல்ககால்; foetal alcohol syndrome - வளர்கரு குடிப்பழக்க நோய்த்தொகை; alcohol – சாராயம்; alcohol dehydrogenase - ஹைட்ரஜன் நீக்கும் சாராய நொதி; alcohol metabolism - சாராய வளர்சிதைமாற்றம்; aromatic alcohol - நறுமண மது; prohibition of alcohol – மதுவிலக்கு; acid alcohol fast - அமிலம், சாராயம் தாங்குதிறன்; alcohol abuse - சாராயப் பிறழ் நுகர்வு; alcohol free - சாராயம் கலவாத; alcohol over consumption - சாராய மிகைநுகர்ச்சி.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

BRANDY

(Skeat) brandy, an ardent spirit. (Dutch.) Formerly called brandy- wine, brand-wine, from the former of which brandy was formed by dropping the last syllable. Brand-wine occurs in Beaum. and Fletcher, Beggars’ Bush, iii. 1.— Du. brandewijn, brandy; lit. burnt wine; sometimes written brandtwijn.—Du. brandt, gebrandt (full form ge-brandet), burnt; and wijn, wine.  β. The Dutch branden, lit. to burn, also meant to distil, whence Du. brander, a distiller, branderij, a distillery; hence the sense is really ‘distilled wine,’ brandy being obtained from wine by distillation.

(Chambers) brandy n. strong alcoholic liquor. 1657, shortened from earlier brand-wine, brandy-wine (1622, in John Fletcher's The Beggar's Bush); borrowed from Dutch brandewijn burnt (i.e., distilled) wine; cognate with Middle High German brantwein (modern German Branntwein) and Middle Low German brannewin.

(John Ayto) brandy [17] English acquired the word for this distilled spirit from Dutch brandewijn, and at first altered and translated it minimally to brandewine. Soon however this became brandy wine, and by the mid-17th century the abbreviated brandy was in common use. The Dutch compound meant ‘distilled wine’, from branden, which denoted ‘distil’ as well as ‘burn’ (it was a derivative of brand ‘fire’, cognate with English brand)

(Onions) brandy bræ·ndi ardent spirit distilled from wine. xvii. Earlier brand(e)wine, altered later to brandy wine, whence ellipt. brandy - Du. brandewijn (whence also G. brannt-wein, etc.), f. branden burn, roast, char, distil (f. brand fire, brand¹) +wiin wine.\

(American Heritage) brandy, bran·dy (brănʹdē) n. pl. bran·dies. An alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice. — v. tr. bran·died, bran·dy·ing, bran·dies. To pre-serve, flavor, or mix with brandy. [Short for brandy-wine, from Dutch brandewijn : brandende, present participle of branden, to burn; see g^wher- in Appendix + wijn, wine; see wine.]

(OED) brandy

Variant forms Also 1600s brandwine, brandewine, brandy-wine, brandee.

The original form brandwine, brandewine is < Dutch brandewijn ‘burnt’ (i.e. distilled) wine. In familiar use abbreviated as brandy as early as 1657; but the fuller form was retained in official use (customs tariffs, acts of parliament, etc.) down to the end of 17th cent., being latterly, as the spelling shows, regarded as a compound of brandy + wine.

Originally and chiefly: an ardent spirit distilled from wine or grapes. Later also applied to spirits of similar flavour and appearance, obtained from other materials.

A drink of brandy. Similarly brandy-and soda (cf. B. and S. n.)

figurative. Something that stimulates or excites.

(Online Etymology) brandy (n.) "spirits distilled from other liquors" (especially wine), 1650s, abbreviation of brandy-wine (1620s) from Dutch brandewijn "burnt wine," earlier brand-wijn, so called because it is distilled (compare German cognate Branntwein and Czech palenka "brandy," from paliti "to burn"). The Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania, site of the 1777 Revolutionary War battle, supposedly was so named 17c. by the Dutch explorers for the color of its waters.

brandy - கலைச்சொற்கள்

gingerbrandy - உடல் வலிமை தரும் மருந்தாகப் பயன்படும் கடுந்தேறல் வகை; cherry-bounce - இன் கனிவகை ஊறவைத்த நறுமது வகை; brandy-ball - இனிப்புப்ப்ண்ட வகை; brandy-sanp - பிராந்தியினால் மணமூட்டப்பட்ட அப்பவகை; apple-brandy - புளிப்பேறிய ஆப்பிள் சாற்றிலிருந்து வடிக்கப்படும் சாராயம்; grape-brandy - கொடிமுந்திரிப்பழத் தேறல்; corn-brandy - கூலங்களிலிருந்து செய்யப்படும் சாராய வகை; brandy-pawnee - பிராந்தி தண்ணீர்க் கலவை; brandy-snap - பிராந்தியினால் மணமூட்டப்பட்ட அப்ப வகை.

- ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

 ALCOHOLIC

(Skeat) Not available

(Chambers) alcoholic alcoholic adj. 1790, formed from English alcohol + -ic. -alcoholism n. 1852, formed from English alcohol + -ism.

(Onions) see Alcohol

(American Heritage) alcoholic al·co·hol·ic (ălʹkә-hôʹlĭk, -hŏlʹĭk) adj. Abbr. al., alc. 1. Related to or resulting from alcohol. 2. Containing or preserved in alcohol. 3. Suffering from alcohol-ism. — n. A person who drinks alcoholic substances habitually and to excess or who suffers from alcoholism.

(OED) alcoholic

Variant forms 1700s alcoholick, alcoholic, 1700s–alcoholic

Etymons: alcohol n., ‑ic suffix.

< alcohol n. + ‑ic suffix. In sense A.2 after French alcoolique, adjective (1789 in this sense, in the passage translated in quot. 1789; 1800 or earlier in sense A.1; 1865 in sense ‘of or relating to alcoholism, (of an illness) caused by alcohol’).

NOUN

1.In plural. Alcoholic drinks.

2.A person who is addicted to alcoholic drink; one suffering from alcoholism. Cf. alky n. 2.

(Online Etymology) alcoholic (adj.) 1790, "of or pertaining to alcohol;" see alcohol + -ic. The meaning "caused by drunkenness" is attested by 1872; the meaning "habitually drunk" by 1910. The noun sense of "one who is addicted to drinking in excess, chronic drunkard, old rounder" is recorded from 1891; an earlier term for one was alcoholist (1877 in clinical writing, earlier in temperance literature this word simply meant "a drinker of alcohol"). Alcoholics Anonymous was founded 1935 in Akron, Ohio, U.S.

alcoholic – கலைச்சொற்கள்

alcoholic neuritis - வெறியஞ்சார் நரம்பழற்சி.

- அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

alcoholic hallucinosis - மது மயக்க இல்காட்சித் தோற்றம்; alcoholic hallucination - மதுவினால் ஏற்படும் பொய் உணர்வு, இல்காட்சி உணர்வு; alcoholic beverage - ஆல்கஹால் பானம்; nonalcoholic beverages - சாராயம் கலவா பானங்கள்; alcoholic beverages - சாராயப் பருகங்கள்; alcoholic hepatitis - மிகைக்குடி கல்லீரல் அழற்சி; alcoholic malnutrition - மிகைக்குடி ஊட்டக்குறை; alcoholic psychosis - மிகைக்குடி உளநோய்; alcoholic addiction - சாராய அடிமை; alcoholic fermentation - சாராயம் நொதித்தல்; alcoholic liver disease - மிகைக்குடி கல்லீரல் நோய்; alcoholic neuropathy - மிகைக்குடி நரம்புக் கோளாறு; alcoholic treatment - குடிப்பழக்க நீக்க மருத்துவம்

பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 11

ALCOHOLISM

(Chambers) see Alcoholic

(American Heritage) alcoholism, al·co·hol·ism (ălʹkә-hô-lĭzʹәm, -hŏ-) n. 1. The compulsive consumption of and psychophysiological dependence on alcoholic beverages. 2. A chronic, progressive pathological condition, mainly affecting the nervous and digestive systems, caused by the excessive and habitual consumption of alcohol. 3. Temporary mental disturbance and muscular incoordination caused by excessive consumption of alcohol.

(OED) alcoholism

Etymons: alcohol n., ‑ism suffix.

< alcohol n. + ‑ism suffix.

 Compare scientific Latin alcoholismus diseased condition produced by consumption of alcohol (M. Huss Alcoholismus chronicus (1849), the Swedish source reviewed in quot. 1860; earlier in sense ‘pulverization’ (1652 in a British source; compare quot. 1657 at alcohol n. 1a)). Compare Swedish alkoholism (1849 in Huss), German Alkoholismus (1850 (in a review of Huss's work) or earlier), French alcoolisme (1851).

Originally: consumption of alcohol (ethanol), esp. when excessive and producing drunkenness or illness; acute or chronic intoxication from alcohol. In later use: spec. the condition of being dependent upon or addicted to alcohol, and unable to limit its consumption to a level which does not produce deleterious physical, mental, or social effects.

(Online Etymology) alcoholism, alcoholism (n.) "disease of alcohol addiction," by 1882, from alcohol + -ism, or else from Modern Latin alcoholismus, coined in 1852 by Swedish professor of medicine Magnus Huss to mean what we now would call "alcohol poisoning, effects of excessive ingestion of alcohol." In earlier times, alcohol addiction would have been called habitual drunkenness or some such term.

alcoholism - கலைச்சொற்கள்

chronic alcoholism - நெடுநாள் மதுப்பழக்கம்;

அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

gamma alcoholism - மூன்றாம்நிலை கடுங் குடிபோதை நோய்; demential associated with alcoholism - குடிபோதைசார் மனத் தளர்ச்சி.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 8

 CHLORA

(Chambers) chloral chloral n. 1838, borrowed as French chloral, formed from chlor(ine)+ al(cohol). The word was coined by the German chemist Justus Liebig, 1803-1873, after the earlier ethal and is now found chiefly in the commer- cial preparation chloral hydrate (1874).

(Onions) chloral kl5·rәl (chem.) trichloraldehyde. xix. -F. chloral (Liebig, I8JI), f. Chlorine +Alcohol, after ethal.

(American Heritage) chloral chlo·ral (klôrʹәl, klōrʹ-) n. A colorless, mobile, oily aldehyde, CCl₃CHO, a penetrating lung irritant, used to manufacture DDT and chloral hydrate. [chlor(ine) + al(cohol).]

(OED) chloral

Etymons: chlor- comb. form2, ‑al suffix2.

modern < chlor- comb. form2 + ‑al suffix2; formed by Liebig after ethal.

Chemistry. A thin colourless oily liquid with a pungent odour, first obtained by Liebig by the action of chlorine upon alcohol; = trichloraldehyde (C Cl₃·CHO). The name is applied popularly and commercially to chloral hydrate (C Cl₃·CH ·2 OH), a white crystalline substance resulting from the combination of water with chloral, and much used as a hypnotic and anæsthetic.

(Online Etymology) chloral (n.) "colorless liquid formed by the action of chlorine on alcohol," apparently coined by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1833 from elements from chlorine + alcohol. Later chiefly in chloral hydrate (1874).

GASOHOL

(Chambers) gasohol (gasʹəhôl) n. mixture of gasoline and alcohol, used as fuel for internal-combustion engines. 1974, American English; formed from gas(oline) + (alc)ohol. First developed in the 1930's and sold in the U.S. Mid- west as Agrol, from agricultural) (alco)hol, the mixture under its new name became a trademark.

(American Heritage) gasohol (găsʹә·hôlʹ) n. A fuel consisting of a blend of ethyl alcohol and unleaded gasoline, especially a blend of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline [gas(oline) + (alc)ohol.]

(OED) gasohol 

Variant forms 1900s– gasahol (rare), gasohol

Blend of gasoline n. and alcohol n.

Originally U.S.

A motor fuel consisting of a mixture of petrol and either ethanol or methanol.

(Online Etymology) gasohol (n.) gasoline and ethanol mixture, 1975, from gasoline + (ethyl) alcohol.

KOHL

(Chambers) kohl, kohl (kõl) n. powder used originally in the Orient to darken eyelids and lashes, usually consisting of pow-dered antimony. 1799 kohhel, borrowed from Arabic koh'l, kuhl metallic powder, especially antimony. See also alcohol and antimony.

(Onions) kohl, koul powder used to darken the eyelids. xviii. - Arab. koḥl; cf. alcohol.

(American Heritage) kohl (kōl) n. A cosmetic preparation, such as powdered antimony sulfide, used especially in Middle Eastern countries to darken the rims of the eyelids. [Arabic kuhl, powder of antimony, kohl.]

(OED) kohl

Variant forms Also 1700s kohhel, 1800s kochhel, kohol, cohol.

Etymon: Arabic kuḥ'l.

< Arabic kuḥ'l, koḥ'l; see alcohol n.

A powder used in the East to darken the eyelids, etc., usually consisting of finely powdered antimony.

(Online Etymology) kohl (n.) "powder used to darken the eyelids, etc.," properly of finely ground antimony, 1799, from Arabic kuhl (see alcohol).

kohl - கலைச்சொற்கள்

anjan kohl - "கண் மைக் கிண்ணம்".

- கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 8

SYNOVIA

(OED) SYNOVIA

Variant forms

Also 1700s–1800s sin-.]

Etymon: Latin synovia.

< modern Latin sinovia, synovia, also synophia, an invention, probably arbitrarily formed, of Paracelsus (died 1541), applied by him to the nutritive fluid peculiar to the several parts of the body, and also to the gout (see quot. in b), but limited by later physicians to the fluid of the joints.

1. Physiology. The viscid albuminous fluid secreted in the interior of the joints, and in the sheaths of the tendons, and serving to lubricate them; also called joint-oilor joint-water
2. † Pathology. A morbid condition or discharge of this fluid. Obsolete.

Cf. Paracelsus Paragraphorum vii. i, De Podagra..Geminum vero morbi nomen synouia est. Hoc enim ex morbi caussa desumitur.

(Online Etymology) synovia (n.) a name applied to the albuminous fluid secreted by certain glands; with -al (1). + Modern Latin sinovia (16c.), a word probably coined by Paracelsus (1493-1541), whose coinages tend to be unetymological. Compare sylph, gnome (n.1), zinc, undine, and he influenced gas (n.1) and alcohol. The first element often is referred to syn-, the second perhaps to Latin ovum "egg," which would make it a hybrid.

AL-