பாலி அகராதி

1. gharma:
2. Ghamma [Vedic gharma=Gr. χερμός, Lat. formus, Ohg. etc. warm; to *gṷher "warm," cp. Sk. ghṛṇoti, hara; Gr. χέρος, ] heat; hot season, summer. Either in loc. ghamme J iv.172(=gimha — kāle); Pv iv.53 & ghammani ("in summer" or "bythe heat") S i.143= J iii.360 (sampareta overcome by heat); Sn353; J iv.239; v.3. — Or. in cpd. with °abhitatta (ghammâbhitatta, overpowered by heat) M i.74; D ii.266; A iii.187 sq.; Sn 1014 (cp. 353 ghammatatta); Miln 318; VvA 40; PvA 114.

சிங்களம்

 gharma:

1. Gharma, heat; warmth hot season; sunshine; perspiration.
2. Gharmán@s@u, (gharma and an@ s@uray) sun.
3. Gharmábhitapta, (gharma and abhitapta oppressed or fatigued) oppressed with heat, fainting from heat.
4. Gharmika, (gharma heat, ika affix) hot.

மேலை இந்தோ-ஐரோப்பியத்தில் தமிழின் ’கரு’

கரு – Cremation

*gwher-

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to heat, warm."

It forms all or part of: brand; brandish; brandy; brimstone; brindled; forceps; Fornax; fornicate; fornication; fornix; furnace; hypothermia; thermal; thermo-; Thermopylae; Thermos, warm

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit gharmah "heat;" Old Persian Garmapada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, from garma- "heat;" Hittite war- "to burn;" Armenian jerm "warm;" Greek thermos "warm;" Latin formus "warm," fornax "oven;" Old Irish fogeir "heated;" Old English bærnan "to kindle."

BRAND (n.)

(Skeat) brand, a burning piece of wood; a mark made by fire; a sword. (Ε.) M. E. brond, burning wood, Chaucer, C. T. 1340; a sword, Will. of Palerne, 1. 1244.-A. S. brand, brond, a burning, a sword. Grein, i. 135.+ Icel. brandr, a fire-brand, a sword-blade. + Du, brand, a burning, fuel (cf. O. Du. brand, a sword; Oudemans). + Swed. and Dan. brand, a fire-brand, fire. + M. H. G. brant, a brand, a sword. [The sense is (1) a burning; (2) a fire-brand; (3) a sword-blade, from its brightness.] β. From A. S. brinnan, to burn. See burn.

(Chambers) brand n. Before 1325, northern Middle English brand, in Cursor Mundi; earlier, brond (probably before 1200, in Ancrene Riwle, but not fully replaced by brand until the 1500's); found in Old English brond, brand piece of burning wood, firebrand, blade of a sword, in allusion to its glint (about 725, in Beowulf). The Old English is cognate with Old Frisian brand, Old High German brant brand, sword (modern German Brand), and Old Icelandic brandr (Swedish, Danish brand), from Proto-Germanic *brandaz, earlier *branđás, Gothic brinnan burn (bran in past tense), and thereby related through Proto-Germanic *brenwanan to Old English beornan, byrnan be on fire; see burn. The meaning "a sign or mark, as of ownership, made by burning with a hot iron" appeared in 1552; this meaning evolved into "a trademark" applied to goods (1827), and in turn to a particular sort or class of goods, as indicated by the trademark on them (1854). -v. 1422, to set on fire; later, to burn with a hot iron (1440, in Promptorium Parvulorum); from the noun.

(John Ayto) brand [OE] A brand was originally a ‘piece of burning wood’; the word comes from West and North Germanic *brandaz, a derivative of the same base (*bran-, *bren-) as produced burn, brandy, and perhaps broil. In the 16th century it came to be applied to an ‘(identifying) mark made with a hot iron’, which provided the basis for the modern sense ‘particular make of goods’, a 19th-century development. A specialized (now archaic) sense of the word in English and other Germanic languages was ‘sword’ (perhaps from the flashing sword blade’s resemblance to a burning stick). This was borrowed into Vulgar Latin as *brando, and its derived verb *brandīre came into English via Old French as brandish [14]. Brand-new [16] may be from the notion of emerging pristine from the furnace. → brandish, brandy, broil, burn

(Onions) brand¹ piece of burning wood OΕ.; mark made with a hot iron; stigma xvi; trade-mark; class of goods xix. OE. brand = OFris., (M) Du. brand, OHG. brant (G. brand), ON. brandr :- CGerm. (exc. Goth.) *brandaz, f. *bran- *bren- burn²-abstr. suffix *-þa- (:- IE. *-to-). Hence brand vb. to burn xiv.

(American Heritage) brand (br4nd) n. 1. a. A trademark or distinctive name identifying a product or a manufacturer. b. A product line so identified: a popular brand of soap. c. A distinctive category; a particular kind: a brand of comedy that I do not care for. 2. A mark indicating identity or ownership, burned on the hide of an animal with a hot iron. 3. A mark burned into the flesh of criminals. 4. A mark of disgrace or notoriety; a stigma. See Synonyms at stain. 5. A branding iron. 6. A piece of burning or charred wood. 7. A sword: “So flashed and fell the brand Excalibur” (Tennyson). — v. tr. brand・ed, brand・ing, brands. 1. To mark with or as if with a hot iron. See Synonyms at mark1. 2. To mark with disgrace or infamy; stigmatize. 3. To impress firmly; fix ineradicably: Imagery of the war has branded itself into the national consciousness. [Middle English, torch, from Old English. See g^wher- in Appendix.] —brandʹer n.

(OED) brand

Variant forms

Also Old English–1600s brond(e, Middle English bront, broond, Middle English bronnd, 1500s Scottish broynd, 1600s bran, 1800s dialect bron.

Common Germanic: Old English brand, brǫnd = Old Frisian brand (Middle Dutch bran(d), Dutch brand) Old High German, Middle High German brant (modern German brand), Old Norse brand-r < Germanic *brando-z, < bran- preterite stem of *brinn-an to burn v.1 + suffix ‑do, as in word n.

1. Act, means, or result of burning.

I.1. † Burning, conflagration, destruction by fire.

I.2. A piece of wood that is or has been burning on the hearth; also poetic a torch, a match or linstock (see quot. 1810).

I.3. transferred and figurative.

I.3.a. † collective or in plural. The fire on the hearth. Obsolete or dialect.

I.3.b. a brand from the burning or from the fire (in allusion to Zechariah 3:2 and Amos 4:11): a person delivered from imminent danger.

I.3.c. The torches of Cupid and the Furies.

I.3.d. Jove's or God's brand: the lightning. Phoebus' brand: the burning rays of the sun. With a blending of the sense ‘weapon’: (cf. Milton's ‘flaming brand’ of the archangel in Paradise Lost xii. 643).

I.3.e. Applied to persons. Cf. firebrand n. A.3.

I.4.a. The mark made by burning with a hot iron.

I.4.b. figurative. A sign or mark, sometimes in a general sense, but usually (with reference to the practice of branding criminals) conveying the idea of disgrace; a stigma, a mark of infamy.

I.4.c. A trademark, whether made by burning or otherwise. (Applied to trademarks on casks of wines or liquors, timber, metals, and any description of goods except textile fabrics.)

I.4.d. spec. A mark of ownership impressed on cattle, horses, etc., by branding. Also attributive and in other combinations, as brand blotter noun one who steals cattle and obliterates the ownership-marks. Chiefly U.S.

I.4.e. A steer or other animal bearing a particular brand-mark. U.S.

I.5. An iron instrument for making marks by burning, or (quot. 1828) for cauterizing a wound.

I.6. (transferred from sense I.4c.) A particular sort or class of goods, as indicated by the trademarks on them.

I.7. A species of blight in plants, causing the leaves and young shoots to look as though they were burnt; called also burn n.3 (cf. German brand).

1. Senses relating to swords.

II.8. The blade of a sword or similar weapon, and hence (like ‘blade’) the sword itself. [So also in Icelandic and in later times in Old French and Middle High German brant: possibly from its flashing in the light.]

II.8.a. † Blade, weapon. Obsolete (except as in sense II.8b).

II.8.b. A sword. (Cf. the poetical use of ‘blade’.) A poetical use, though in the 19th century writers of romance used it as an archaism in prose.

(Online Etymology) brand (n.) Old English brand, brond "fire, flame, destruction by fire; firebrand, piece of burning wood, torch," and (poetic) "sword," from Proto-Germanic *brandaz "a burning" (source also of Old Norse brandr, Old High German brant, Old Frisian brond "firebrand; blade of a sword," German brand "fire"), from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm."

BRANDISH (v.)

(Skeat) brandish, to shake a sword, &c. (F., Scand.) In Shak. Macb. i. 2. 7; &c. M. E. braundisen, to brandish a sword; Will. of Palerme, 3294, 2322.-F. brandir (pres. pt. brandissant), to cast or hurl with violence, to shake, to brandish; Cot.O. F. brand, a sword, properly a Norman F. form; it occurs in Vie de St. Auban, ed. Atkinson, 11. 1234, 1303, 1499, 1838. Of Scandinavian origin: see brand. β. The more usual O. F. brant answers to the O. H. G. form. ¶ I think we may rest content with this, because brandish is so closely connected with the idea of sword. The difficulty is, that there exists also F. branler, to shake, of unknown origin, according to Brachet. But Brachet accepts the above derivation of brandir; and Littré treats branler as equivalent to O. F. brandeler, a frequentative form of brander, which is another form of brandir. See brawl (2).

(Chambers) brandish v. wave or shake threateningly. About 1340 braundishen, borrowed from Old French brandiss-, stem of brandir, from brand, brant sword, from Frankish (compare Old High German brant sword); see brand; for suffix see -ish².

(John Ayto) see brand

(Onions) brandish wave about, flourish. xiv. - (O)F. brandiss-, lengthened stem of brander = Pr. brandir (whence Sp. blandir, Pg. brandir, blandir), It. brandire :- Rom. *brandire, f. *brandaz sword, brand²; see -ish².

(American Heritage) bran・dish v. tr. bran・dished, bran・dish・ing, bran・dish・es. 1. To wave or flourish (a weapon, for example) menacingly. 2. To display ostentatiously. See Synonyms at flourish. — n. A menacing or defiant wave or flourish. [Middle English brandissen, from Old French brandir, brandiss-, from brand, sword, of Germanic origin. See g^wher- in Appendix.] —branʹdish・er n.

(OED) brandish

Variant forms

Middle English braundis, -ise(n, -ish, -issh, -ysch, -ische, Middle English brawndesche, branych (Cath. Angl.), Middle English–1500s brandiss, brandissh, brandisch, 1500s Scottish brandeis, Middle English– brandish.

< French brandiss- lengthened stem of French brandir, a common Romanic word (Latin type *brandīre), < Germanic brand n. II.8, a sword.

1.a. transitive. To flourish, wave about (a sword, spear, dart, club, or other manual weapon) by way of threat or display, or in preparation for action.

1.b. figurative.

1.c. To flourish about, move vigorously (the limbs, the head, etc.); also used of a snake darting out its tongue, of a lion flourishing its tail, etc. Somewhat archaic, if not obsolete.

2. absol.To flourish one's weapons or limbs; to make a flourish or display; to swagger.
3. intransitive(for reflexive). Of a sword, = To be brandished.
4. † 

4.a. transitive. Of the sun or other luminary: To dart forth, scatter (rays of light); also (rarely) to irradiate, render luminous. Obsolete.

4.b. † intransitive. To glitter, gleam, flash, coruscate.

(Online Etymology) brandish (v.) "move or raise," as a weapon, mid-14c., from Old French brandiss-, present participle stem of brandir "to flourish (a sword)" (12c.), from brant "blade of a sword, prow of a ship," which is from Frankish or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz "a burning," from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm." Spanish blandir, Italian brandire are likewise from Germanic. Related: Brandished; brandishing.

BRANDY

(Skeat) brandy, an ardent spirit. (Dutch.) Formerly called brandy- wine, brand-wine, from the former of which brandy was formed by dropping the last syllable. Brand-wine occurs in Beaum. and Fletcher, Beggars’ Bush, iii. 1.— Du. brandewijn, brandy; lit. burnt wine; sometimes written brandtwijn.—Du. brandt, gebrandt (full form ge-brandet), burnt; and wijn, wine.  β. The Dutch branden, lit. to burn, also meant to distil, whence Du. brander, a distiller, branderij, a distillery; hence the sense is really ‘distilled wine,’ brandy being obtained from wine by distillation.

(Chambers) brandy n. strong alcoholic liquor. 1657, shortened from earlier brand-wine, brandy-wine (1622, in John Fletcher's The Beggar's Bush); borrowed from Dutch brandewijn burnt (i.e., distilled) wine; cognate with Middle High German brantwein (modern German Branntwein) and Middle Low German brannewin.

(John Ayto) brandy [17] English acquired the word for this distilled spirit from Dutch brandewijn, and at first altered and translated it minimally to brandewine. Soon however this became brandy wine, and by the mid-17th century the abbreviated brandy was in common use. The Dutch compound meant ‘distilled wine’, from branden, which denoted ‘distil’ as well as ‘burn’ (it was a derivative of brand ‘fire’, cognate with English brand)

(Onions) brandy bræ·ndi ardent spirit distilled from wine. xvii. Earlier brand(e)wine, altered later to brandy wine, whence ellipt. brandy - Du. brandewijn (whence also G. brannt-wein, etc.), f. branden burn, roast, char, distil (f. brand fire, brand¹) +wiin wine.

(American Heritage) brandy, bran·dy (brănʹdē) n. pl. bran·dies. An alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice. — v. tr. bran·died, bran·dy·ing, bran·dies. To pre-serve, flavor, or mix with brandy. [Short for brandy-wine, from Dutch brandewijn : brandende, present participle of branden, to burn; see g^wher- in Appendix + wijn, wine; see wine.]

(OED) brandy

Variant forms Also 1600s brandwine, brandewine, brandy-wine, brandee.

The original form brandwine, brandewine is < Dutch brandewijn ‘burnt’ (i.e. distilled) wine. In familiar use abbreviated as brandy as early as 1657; but the fuller form was retained in official use (customs tariffs, acts of parliament, etc.) down to the end of 17th cent., being latterly, as the spelling shows, regarded as a compound of brandy + wine.

Originally and chiefly: an ardent spirit distilled from wine or grapes. Later also applied to spirits of similar flavour and appearance, obtained from other materials.

A drink of brandy. Similarly brandy-and soda (cf. B. and S. n.)

figurative. Something that stimulates or excites.

(Online Etymology) brandy (n.) "spirits distilled from other liquors" (especially wine), 1650s, abbreviation of brandy-wine (1620s) from Dutch brandewijn "burnt wine," earlier brand-wijn, so called because it is distilled (compare German cognate Branntwein and Czech palenka "brandy," from paliti "to burn"). The Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania, site of the 1777 Revolutionary War battle, supposedly was so named 17c. by the Dutch explorers for the color of its waters.

brandy

gingerbrandy - உடல் வலிமை தரும் மருந்தாகப் பயன்படும் கடுந்தேறல் வகை; cherry-bounce - இன் கனிவகை ஊறவைத்த நறுமது வகை; brandy-ball - இனிப்புப்ப்ண்ட வகை; brandy-sanp - பிராந்தியினால் மணமூட்டப்பட்ட அப்பவகை; apple-brandy - புளிப்பேறிய ஆப்பிள் சாற்றிலிருந்து வடிக்கப்படும் சாராயம்; grape-brandy - கொடிமுந்திரிப்பழத் தேறல்; corn-brandy - கூலங்களிலிருந்து செய்யப்படும் சாராய வகை; brandy-pawnee - பிராந்தி தண்ணீர்க் கலவை; brandy-snap - பிராந்தியினால் மணமூட்டப்பட்ட அப்ப வகை.

BRIMSTONE (n.)

(Skeat) brimstone, sulphur. (E.) Lit. 'burn-stone.' M. E. brimston, brymston; bremstoon, Chaucer, Prol. 629 (631 in some edd.); also brunston, brenstoon, Wyclif, Gen. xix. 24; Deut. xxix. 23; cf. Icel. brennisteinn, brimstone.-M. E. bren-, burning (from the vb. brennen, to burn); and stoon, a stone. β. So also the Icel. brennisteinn is from Icel. brenna, to burn, and steinn, a stone. See burn and stone.

(Chambers) brimstone n. sulfur. About 1250 brimeston; earlier, brynstan (1125), literally, burn-stone (brin-, stem of brinnen to burn + stan, ston stone); compare Old Icelandic brennusteinn, brennisteinn, Dutch barnsteen, German Bernstein, of similar formation, all meaning "amber."

(Onions) brimstone sulphur. xii. The earliest forms are brynstan, brünston, continued as brinston and brunsto(o)n, north. -stane, till xvi; prob. f. OE. bryne (= ON. bruni) burning (f. *burn- burn²)+stone; a common ME. var. brenston (also brem-) is due to ON. brennisteinn; forms in brim-, due to dissimilation of n..n to m..n, appear C. 1300. ¶ A parallel formation in MLG. bornstēn, MDu., Du. barnsteen, etc. means 'amber'.

(American Heritage) brim・stone (brVmùstonÙ) n. 1. Sulfur. 2. a. Damnation to hell; hellfire. b. Fiery or passionate rhetoric: “the great American evangelist of Yankee bargainhunting, converting us... with the brimstone of his secular preaching” (Rushworth M. Kidder). [Middle English brimston, from Old English brynstān. See g^wher in Appendix.]

(OED) brimstone

Variant forms

α. Middle English (?), Middle English brin-, brynstan(e, -ston(e, brenston, brenstoon, (Middle English Kent. bernston, northern bronstane, brunstan(e), Middle English–1500s brunston(e, Middle English–1500s bronston, 1500s byrnstone, brontstane, brint-, bryntstane, bryntstone, 1700s– Scottish brunstane.

β. Middle English brimstan(e, brimston, brimstoon, brymston(e, brymstoon(e, ( brem-, brom-, brumstone, Middle English brymestone, 1600s brimestone), 1500s– brimstone; modern Scottish brumstane.

Middle English brin-, bren-, brun-, brimston, late Old English (12th cent.) brynstán (MS. Vesp. D. XIV, f. 163), apparently < bern-, brinn-, stems of burn v.1 + stone n.; compare Old Norse brenni-steinn sulfur; also, for the form, Old English berne-lác burnt-offering. An identical formation in other Germanic languages (Middle Dutch and Middle Low German bernsteen, Dutch barnsteen, German bernstein) is used with the sense ‘amber’. The transposition in bern-, bren- was inherited from the verb; the subsequent change to brim- may have been due to association with the adjective brim, breme adj. & adv. ‘fierce’: compare quot. c1400 at sense A.I.1.

1. Formerly the common vernacular name for sulfurn.& adj. Now used chiefly when referring to its inflammable character, and to the biblical use in Genesis xix. 24 and Revelation xix. 20; or in speaking of old-fashioned prescriptions, as ‘brimstone and treacle’. Cf. fire and brimstone n. & int.
2. vegetable brimstone: the inflammable spores of Lycopodium clavatumand Selago, sometimes employed in the manufacture of fireworks.
3. figurative.
4. A virago, a spit-fire. Cf. brimn.4
5. brimstone butterflynoun

An early butterfly with wings of a sulfur colour, Gonepteryx Rhamni.

(Online Etymology) brimstone (n.) "sulfur in a solidified state," Old English brynstan, from brin- stem of brinnen "to burn" (from Proto-Germanic *brennan "to burn," from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm") + stan (see stone (n.)). In Middle English the first element also is recorded as brem-, brom-, brum-, bren-, brin-, bron-, brun-, bern-, born-, burn-, burned-, and burnt-. Formerly "the mineral sulfur," it is now restricted to biblical usage.

BRINDLED (adj.)

(Skeat) brindled, brinded, streaked, spotted. (Scand.) Shak. has brinded cat;' Macb. iv. I. 1; brindled being an extended quasidiminutive form. - Icel. brönd, in the comp. bröndóttr, brindled, said of a cow, Cleasby and Vigfusson's Dict. App. p. 772. We also find Icel. brand-krosóttr, brindled-brown with a white cross on the forehead. Icel. brandr, a brand, flame, firebrand, sword. - Icel. brenna, to burn. ¶ Thus brinded is little more than another form of branded; the letter i appears again in Brimstone, q. v. And see brand, and burn.

(Chambers) brindled adj. gray or tawny with dark streaks or spots. 1678, alteration of earlier brinded (1589), probably by influence of such words as kindled, mingled, etc.; brinded was an alteration of earlier brended, found in Middle English brend brown color, horse of this color (about 1426, and in surname Brendeskyn, 1262) noun use of past participle of brennen to burn. -brindle adj. 1676; n. 1696, apparently shortening of brindled, adj. though the record is wanting in listing the dates.

(Onions) brindled brown with streaks of other colour. xvii. Alteration (prob. by assoc. with grizzled, speckled) of (arch.) brinded (xvi), earlier †brended (xv), f. †brende (Lydg.), prob. of Scand. origin (cf. ON. bröndóttr brindled, f. brandr burning, brand, and brandkrossóttr brindled with a white cross on the forehead).

(American Heritage) brin・dled (brVnùdld) adj. Tawny or grayish with streaks or spots of a darker color. [Alteration of Middle English brended, probably from brende, past participle of brennen, to burn, from Old Norse brenna. See g^wher- in Appendix.]

(OED) brindled

A variant of the earlier brinded adj., probably by assimilation to such words as kindled, mingled, perhaps with some feeling of a diminutive sense.

‘Streaked, tabby, marked with streaks’ (Johnson).

(Online Etymology) brindled (adj.) of horses, cows, dogs, etc., "marked with streaks, streaked with a darker color," 1670s, a variant of Middle English brended (early 15c.), from bren "brown color" (13c.), noun from past participle of brennen "burn" (from Proto-Germanic *brennan "to burn," from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). The etymological sense of the adjective appears to be "marked as though by branding or burning." The form was altered perhaps by influence of kindled.

FORCEPS (n.)

(Skeat) forceps, pincers. (L.) In Kersey's Dict. ed. 1715.-Lat. forceps, gen, forcipis, pincers, tongs; so called because used for holding hot iron, &c. (Paulus Diaconus). - Lat. formus, hot; and stem -cip, from capere, to take, cognate with E. Have. Der. forcip-at-ed, forceps-like.

(Chambers) forceps n. tongs used to hold an object. 1563, borrowed from Latin forceps (compound of formus hot + the root of capere to take, hold; see captive and warm).

(John Ayto)

(Onions) forceps instrument of the pincers kind, organ shaped like this. xvii. - L. forceps, etymologized by Festus as formucaps 'because it seizes hot things', f. formus hot, warm + cap- of capere seize (see heave).

(American Heritage) for·ceps n. pl. forceps. 1. An instrument resembling a pair of pincers or tongs, used for grasping, manipulating, or extracting, especially such an instrument used by a surgeon. 2. A pincerlike pair of movable appendages at the posterior end of the abdomen in certain insects, such as earwigs. [Latin, fire tongs, pincers. See g^wher- in Appendix.]

(OED) forceps

Variant forms

Also 1700s singular forcep, plural 1600s–1700s forcipes, 1800s forcepses

< Latin forceps, plural forcipes in same sense.

noun

With singular and plural agreement.

1. An instrument of the pincers kind, used for seizing and holding objects, esp.in surgical and obstetric operations.
2. Anatomy, Entomology, and Zoology. Some organ or part of the body that has the shape of, or may be used as, a forceps. †Also, one of the two branches of this.

(Online Etymology) forceps (n.) 1560s, from Latin forceps "pair of tongs, pincers," apparently literally "something with which to grasp hot things," a compound of formus "hot" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm") + root of capere "to hold, take," from PIE root *kap- "to grasp." Originally a smith's implement. The classical plural is forcipes. Related: Forcipal.

FORNAX (n.)

(Onions) see fornication

(American Heritage) For·nax n. A constellation in the Southern Hemisphere near Sculptor and Eridanus. [Latin fornāx, furnace, oven. See g^wher- in Appendix.]

(Online Etymology) Fornax (n.) goddess of ovens in ancient Rome, from Latin fornax "furnace, oven, kiln" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). The dim constellation (representing a chemical furnace) was created by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de La Caille in 1752.

FORNICATE (v.)

(Skeat) fornicate, to commit lewdness. (L.) The E. verb fornicate is of late use, appearing in the Works of Bp. Hall (R.) It was certainly developed from the sbs. fornication and fornicator, both in early use. Chaucer has fornicatioun, C. T. 6886; and fornicatour is in P. Plowman, C. iii. 191 (footnote). These are, respectively, O. F. fornication and fornicateur; Cot. Lat. fornicatus, pp. of fornicari.- Lat. fornic-, base of fornix, (1) a vault, an arch, (a) a brothel. Perhaps so named from the firmness of an arch, from √ dhar, to hold, maintain, whence also firm and form. Der. fornicat-ion, forni- cat-or, explained above.

(Chambers) -fornicate v. 1552, in Huloet's Abecedarium Anglico-Latinum; borrowed from Late Latin fornicātus, past participle of fornicārī fornicate; for suffix see -ATE¹. In later instances, fornicate may have been a back formation from earlier fornication.

(Onions) see fornication

(American Heritage) for·ni·cate v. intr. for·ni·cat·ed, for·ni·cat·ing, for·ni·cates. To commit fornication. [Late Latin fornicārī, fornicāt-, from fornix, fornic-, vault, vaulted cellar, brothel. See g^wher- in Appendix.] —forʹni·ca ʹ tor n.

(OED) fornicate

< Latin fornicāt-, participial stem of fornicārī of same meaning, < fornic-, fornix brothel, originally arch, vault (see fornix n.).

intransitive. To commit fornication.

(Online Etymology) fornicate (v.) 1550s, "have illicit sexual intercourse" (said of an unmarried person), from Late Latin fornicatus, past participle of fornicari "to fornicate," from Latin fornix (genitive fornicis) "brothel" (Juvenal, Horace), originally "arch, vaulted chamber, a vaulted opening, a covered way," probably an extension, based on appearance, from a source akin to fornus "brick oven of arched or domed shape" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). Perhaps in some cases a back-formation from fornication. Related: Fornicated; fornicating.

FORNICATION (n.)

(Skeat) see fornicate

(Chambers) fornication n. sexual intercourse between unmarried persons. About 1303 fornycacyoun, in Mannyng's Handlyng Synne; borrowed from Old French fornication, learned borrowing from Late Latin fornicātiōnem (nominative fornicātiō), from fornicārī fornicate, from Latin fornix (genitive fornicis) arch, vault, brothel, probably from fornus, furnus oven of arch or dome shape; see furnace. Brothels in ancient Rome were often located in underground basements; also, prostitutes solicited their business under the arches of certain buildings. -fornicate v. 1552, in Huloet's Abecedarium Anglico-Latinum; borrowed from Late Latin fornicātus, past participle of fornicārī fornicate; for suffix see -ate¹. In later instances, fornicate may have been a back formation from earlier fornication.

(John Ayto) fornication [13] Latin fornix denoted an ‘arch’ or ‘vault’, and hence came to be used in the late republican period for the sort of vaulted underground dwellings where the dregs of Roman society – tramps, prostitutes, petty criminals, etc – lived. Early Christian writers homed in on the prostitutes, and employed the term with the specific meaning ‘brothel’, whence the verb fornicārī ‘have illicit sexual intercourse’ and its derivative fornicatiō, source of English fornication.

(Onions) fornication sexual intercourse outside marriage. xiii (Cursor M.). (O)F. fornication-late L. fornicātiō(n-), f. fornicārī (whence fornicate³ xvi), f. fornic-, fornix arch, vault, vaulted room such as was tenanted by the lower orders and prostitutes, prob. rel. to fornax, furnus furnace; see -ation. So fo·rnicator¹. xiv (PPI.). -late L.

(American Heritage) for·ni·ca·tion n. Sexual intercourse between partners who are not married to each other.

(OED) fornication

Etymon: French fornication.

< Old French fornication, ‑acion, < late Latin fornicātiōn-em, noun of action < fornicārī: see fornicate adj. and ‑ation suffix.

1. Voluntary sexual intercourse between a man (in restricted use, an unmarried man) and an unmarried woman. In Scripture extended to adultery.
2. figurative; esp. in Scripture: The forsaking of God for idols; idolatry; also, spiritual fornication.

(Online Etymology) fornication (n.) c. 1300, from Old French fornicacion "fornication, lewdness; prostitution; idolatry" (12c.), from Late Latin fornicationem (nominative fornicatio), noun of action from past-participle stem of fornicari "to fornicate," from Latin fornix (genitive fornicis) "brothel" (Juvenal, Horace), originally "arch, vaulted chamber, a vaulted opening, a covered way," probably an extension, based on appearance, from a source akin to fornus "brick oven of arched or domed shape" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). Strictly, "voluntary sex between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman;" extended in the Bible to adultery. The sense extension in Latin is perhaps because Roman prostitutes commonly solicited from under the arches of certain buildings.

FORNIX (n.)

(Skeat) see fornicate

(Onions) see fornication

(American Heritage) for·nix n. pl. for·ni·ces. An archlike anatomical structure or fold, such as the arched band of white matter located beneath the corpus callosum of the brain. [Latin, arch, vault. See g^wher- in Appendix.]

(OED) fornix

Etymon: Latin fornix.

< Latin fornix arch, vaulted chamber.

Something resembling an arch.

1. Anatomyesp. an arched formation of the brain.
2. Botany. (See quots.)
3. Conchology. ‘The excavated part of a shell, situated under the umbo. It also signifies the upper or convex shell in the Ostrea’ (Craig 1848).

(Online Etymology) fornix (n.) from 1680s in reference to various arched formations (especially in anatomy), from Latin fornix "arch, vaulted chamber, cellar, vaulted opening," probably an extension, based on appearance, from a source akin to fornus "brick oven of arched or domed shape" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm").

FURNACE (n.)

(Skeat) furnace, oven. (F.,L.) M.E. forneis; Chau. C. T. 14169.- O. F. fornaise, later fournaise, 'a furnace; Cot.-Lat. fornacem, acc. of fornax, an oven. Lat. fornus, furnus, an oven; with suffix -ac-; allied to Lat. formus, warm; as also to Russ. goriete, to burn, glow, and Skt. gharma, glow, warmth; see curtius, ii. 99. See glow. ¶ I doubt the connection with E. warm.

(Chambers) furnace n. Probably about 1200 furneise, Middle English furneise, borrowed from Old French fornais, fornaise, from Latin fornācem (nominative fornāx) an oven, kiln; related to fornus, furnus oven, and formus warm.

(John Ayto) furnace [13] Etymologically, furnace means roughly ‘warm place’. It comes via Old French fornais from Latin fornāx ‘furnace’. This was a derivative of fornus ‘oven’, a word related to formus ‘warm’, which goes back to the same Indo-European source, *ghworm-, *ghwerm-, as probably produced English warm. →  fornication

(Onions) furnace chamber for combustibles to produce intense heat. xiii. - OF. fornais m. (= Pr. fornatz, Cat. fornas, It. fornace) and fornaise fem. (mod. fournaise = Sp. hornaza, Pg. fornaça) :- L. fornācem, fornāx and popL. fornātia, f. L. fornus, furnus oven, rel. to formus warm.

(American Heritage) fur·nace n. 1. An enclosure in which energy in a nonthermal form is converted to heat, especially such an enclosure in which heat is generated by the combustion of a suitable fuel. 2. An intensely hot place: the furnace of the sun; an attic room that is a furnace in the summer. 3. A severe test or trial: endured the furnace of his friends’ blame after the accident. [Middle English, from Old French fornais, from Latin fornāx, fornāc-, oven. See g^wher- in Appendix.]

(OED) furnace

Variant forms

Middle English furneise, Middle English f(o)urneys(e, fo(u)rnays(e, fournas, fornayce, fornes, (Middle English fornas, furnasee), Middle English–1500s forneys(e, f(o)urneis, furnes(s, (Middle English furnoys, 1500s furneyse, fournes), 1500s–1600s fornace, (1500s fournace, furnise), 1500s– furnace.

Etymon: French fornais.

< Old French fornais, masculine (= Provençal fornatz, fornaz, Italian fornace), also fornaise (modern French fournaise, = Spanish hornaza), representing Latin fornāc-em, fornax, feminine, < fornus, furnus, oven.

1.a. An apparatus consisting essentially of a chamber to contain combustibles for the purpose of subjecting minerals, metals, etc. to the continuous action of intense heat.

1.b. transferred. The fire of a volcano; the volcano itself.

1.c. figurative, esp. used to express any severe test or trial. Also, a place of excessive heat; a ‘hotbed’.

2. † Applied to an oven or chamber for producing a moderate continuous heat; in quots. an incubating chamber. Obsolete.
3. A closed fireplace for heating a building by means of hot-air or hot-water pipes; also, ‘the fireplace of a marine boiler’ (Adm. Smyth).

4. A boiler, cauldron, crucible. Obsolete exc. dialect. (See quots. 1884, 1888.)

(Online Etymology) furnace (n.) early 13c., from Old French fornais "oven, furnace," figuratively "flame of love" (12c.), from Latin fornacem (nominative fornax) "an oven, kiln," related to fornus/furnus "oven," and to formus "warm," from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm."

HYPOTHERMIA (n.)

(American Heritage) hy·po·ther·mi·a n. Abnormally low body temperature. [hypo- + Greek thermK, heat; see g^wher- in Appendix + -ia¹.]

(OED) hypothermia

Variant forms

Also in anglicized form hypothermy British English /ˈhʌɪpə(ʊ)θəːmi/, U.S. English /ˈhaɪpə θərmi/ (rare).

Etymons: hypo- prefix 1d, Greek θέρμη, ‑ia suffix1.

< hypo- prefix 1d + Greek θέρμη heat + ‑ia suffix1.

Medicine.

The condition of having a body temperature substantially below the normal, either as a result of natural causes or artificially induced (e.g. for cardiac surgery).

(Online Etymology) hypothermia (n.) 1877, Modern Latin, from hypo- "under" (see hypo-) + Greek therme "heat" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm") + abstract noun ending -ia.

THERMAL (adj.)

(Chambers) thermal adj. 1756, of or having to do with hot springs; borrowed from French thermal, formed from Greek thérme heat; see WARM + French -al-al¹. The sense of having to do with heat is recorded in English in 1837.

(Onions) thermal pert. to hot springs. xviii. F. thermal (Buffon), f. Gr. thérmē - heat, thermós hot; see -al¹.

(American Heritage) ther·mal adj. 1. Of, relating to, using, producing, or caused by heat. 2. Intended or designed in such a way as to help retain body heat: thermal underwear. — n. A rising current of warm air. —therʹmal·ly adv.

(OED) thermal

Etymons: Greek θέρμη, ‑al suffix1.

= French thermal (Buffon), < Greek θέρμη heat + ‑al suffix1.

1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of thermaeor hot springs; of a spring, etc., (naturally) hot or warm; also, having hot springs.

2.a. Of or pertaining to heat; determined, measured, caused, or operated by heat.

2.b. Designating a bath the temperature of which exceeds 98°F.

2.c. Promoting the retention of heat. Usually of clothes, esp. underwear.

3. figurative. Heated with passion; erotic, passionate, impassioned.

(Online Etymology) thermal (adj.) 1756, "having to do with hot springs," from French thermal (Buffon), from Greek thermē "heat, feverish heat" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). The sense of "having to do with heat" is recorded by 1837. The noun meaning "rising current of relatively warm air" is recorded from 1933.

THERMO-

(Chambers) thermo- a combining form meaning heat, temperature, as in thermometer, thermonuclear, thermoplastic. Borrowed from Greek thermo-, combining form of thermós hot, thérmē heat; see warm.

(Onions) thermo- repr. comb. form of Gr. thérmē heat, thermós hot, in many scientific terms.

(American Heritage) thermo- or therm- pref. 1. Heat: thermochemistry. 2. Thermoelectric: thermojunction. [From Greek thermē, heat, from thermos, warm, hot. See g^wher- in Appendix.]

(OED) thermo-

Variant forms

Before a vowel usually therm- (but often in full form).

Etymons: Latin thermo-, Greek θερμο-.

< (i) classical Latin and post-classical Latin thermo- (in e.g. thermoscopium thermoscope n.),

 and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek θερμο-, combining form (in e.g. θερμόβουλος hot-tempered) of θερμός hot < the same Indo-European base as warm adj.

Entering into many scientific and technical terms, as thermochemistry n., thermodynamic adj., thermograph n., thermometer n., thermoscope n., etc., and their derivatives; also in the following words of less frequent use or more recent formation. (In some of these thermo- is used as an abbreviation of thermo-electric adj. & n.)

thermo-magnetic, adj.

Pertaining to or of the nature of thermo-magnetism.

thermo-lamp, n. 

See quot.

thermo-magnetism, n. 

Magnetism caused or modified by the action of heat.

thermo-electrometer, n. 

An instrument for measuring the heating power of an electric current, or for determining the strength of a current by the heat produced.

thermo-pair, n. 

= thermocouple, n.

thermo-tension, n. 

Tension or strain applied to material at a specified temperature to increase or test its tensile power.

thermo-battery, n. 

Short for thermo-electric battery at thermo-electric, adj. A.1.

thermo-current, n. 

The electric current produced in a thermo-electric battery; also (nonce-use) a stream of warm air or water.

thermo-expansive, adj. 

Expanding under the influence of heat.

thermophagy, n. 

See quot. 1899.

thermo-therapy, n. 

Treatment of disease by heat.

thermobarometer, n. 

A name given to two distinct modifications of the barometer: see quots.

thermo-galvanometer, n. 

A thermo-electric instrument for measuring small electric currents.

thermophyllite, n. 

A light brown variety of serpentine which exfoliates when heated, found in aggregate masses of small scaly crystals.

thermokinematics, n. 

The theory of the motion of heat.

thermo-radiometer, n. 

See quot.

thermo-cautery, n. 

Any form of actual cautery; spec. a hollow platinum cautery in which heat is maintained by means of benzine or gasolene vapour.

thermoaqueous, adj. 

See quot.

thermo-hydrology, n. 

The scientific study of thermal waters.

thermo-manometer, n. 

An instrument for measuring at the same time the temperature and elasticity of vapour.

thermotelephone, n. 

A thermo-electric telephone.

thermo-calcite, n. 

A name for non-crystalline limestones.

thermo-element, n. 

A thermo-electric couple as an element of a battery.

thermopegology, n. 

The scientific study of thermal springs.

thermo-gauge, n. 

A form of pyrometer (Cent. Dict., Suppl.).

thermo-junction, n. 

The junction of two metals in a thermo-couple.

thermo-metamorphic, adj. 

Of or pertaining to thermo-metamorphism.

thermo-metamorphism, n. 

Metamorphism produced by the action of heat.

thermelaeometer, n. 

An apparatus for measuring the heat evolved by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with various fixed oils.

thermo-anaesthesia, n. 

= thermanaesthesia, n.

thermo-electromotive, adj. 

Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of electromotive force produced by heat; = thermo-electric, adj. A.1.

thermo-inhibitory, adj. 

Pertaining to the prevention of undue heat in the body; applied to a part or function of the nervous system (Billings 1890).

thermobarograph, n. 

An instrument which simultaneously records temperature and atmospheric pressure.

thermo-excitory, adj. 

See quot. 1899.

thermo-palpation, n. 

See quot. 1899.

thermo-tensile, adj. 

Of or pertaining to cohesive power as affected by temperature.

thermo-hydrometer, n. 

A combined instrument showing the temperature and density of a liquid.

thermo-call, n. 

1. A fire-alarm operated by a thermo-electric battery; b. an electric fire-alarm in which the circuit is closed automatically when the temperature…

thermochaotic, adj. 

Of or pertaining to disintegration or dissolution by heat.

thermo-electroscope, n. 

An instrument for indicating temperature electrically, as a thermopile.

thermo-geographical, adj. 

Pertaining to the geographical distribution and variation of temperature.

thermosystaltic, adj. 

Of or pertaining to systaltic motion due to heat.

thermo-voltaic, adj. 

Of or pertaining to the thermal effects of voltaic electricity, or to heat and voltaic electricity.

thermo-geography, n. 

The study of this.

thermocline, n. 

A temperature gradient; esp. an abrupt temperature gradient occurring in a body of water; also, a layer of water marked by such a gradient, the water…

thermo-diffusion, n. 

Diffusion of heat.

thermophore, n. 

A portable heating apparatus: see quots.

thermo-isopleth, n. 

See quot.

thermo-unstable, adj. 

= thermolabile, adj.

thermo-elastic, adj. 

Pertaining to elasticity in connection with heat.

thermo-focal, adj. 

Of or pertaining to the focal length of a lens as influenced by heat.

thermo-luminosity, n. 

(See quot. 1904).

thermo-cell, n. 

A thermo-electric cell or couple.

thermo-aesthesia, n. 

= thermaesthesia, n.

thermodynamometer, n. 

A sensitive thermometer in which the thermometric substance is the saturated vapour of some volatile liquid supporting a column of mercury.

thermoplegia, n. 

Heat-stroke.

thermo-tank, n. 

A tank containing pipes through which water, air, or the like circulates for heating or cooling, esp. as a heating or ventilating system (obsolete).

thermo-generator, n. 

(See quot. 1910).

thermosensitive, adj. 

Possessing or relating to sensitivity to heat.

thermosensitivity, n. 

thermoduric, adj. 

(Of bacteria etc.) capable of surviving high temperatures, esp. those of pasteurization.

thermocrescent, adj. 

Defining a graphically recorded curve indicating the change of rate of growth of a plant as influenced by changes of temperature.

thermocoagulation, n. 

The coagulation of tissue, esp. in the brain, by means of heat.

thermo-hardening, adj. 

Rendered permanently hard by heat.

thermonastic, adj. 

thermonasty, n. 

A nastic movement caused by a change in temperature.

thermocoagulated, adj. 

thermoremanence, n. 

thermotolerant, adj. 

(See quot. 1940).

Thermopane, n. 

A proprietary name for an openable double-glazed window unit.

thermohaline, adj. 

Of or pertaining to the temperature and salinity of seawater.

thermokarst, n. 

Topography in which the melting of permafrost has produced hollows, hummocks, and the like reminiscent of karst.

thermo-harden, v. 

(transitive) to harden permanently by subjection to heat.

thermoremanent, adj. 

Pertaining to or being magnetism acquired, esp. by rock, as a result of cooling or solidifying in a magnetic field.

thermophysical, adj. 

thermoforming, n. 

The process of heating a thermoplastic material and shaping it in a mould.

thermophysics, n. 

The branch of physics dealing with the physical properties of substances at high temperatures.

thermopower, n. 

The thermo-electric e.m.f. developed by a substance per degree difference in temperature.

thermo-halocline, n. 

A narrow layer of water separating layers of differing temperature and salinity.

thermocompression, n. 

The simultaneous application of heat and pressure; usually attributive.

thermolysin, n. 

A heat-stable proteolytic enzyme found in some thermophilic bacteria.

thermoform, v. 

(transitive).

thermoformer, n. 

A person who carries out thermoforming.

thermocoagulative, adj. 

thermo-hygrograph, n.

A combined instrument recording the temperature and the humidity of the air.

thermo-hygroscope, n.

A combined instrument indicating the temperature and humidity of the air.

thermo-motive, adj.

Of, pertaining to, or caused by heat applied to produce motion, as in a thermo-motor.

thermo-motor, n.

An engine driven by the expansive power of heated air or gas.

thermosynthesis, n.

Chemical combination due to the action of heat.

thermotoxin, n.

A poison developed in the body by heat.

(Online Etymology) thermo- before vowels therm-, word-forming element of Greek origin meaning "hot, heat, temperature," used from c. 1800 in forming scientific and technical words, from Greek thermos "hot, warm," thermē "heat" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm").

THERMIC (adj.)

(American Heritage) ther·mic adj. Thermal.

(OED) thermic 

Etymons: Greek θέρμη, ‑ic suffix.

< Greek θέρμη heat + ‑ic suffix: compare French thermique.

Of or pertaining to heat; of the nature of heat; = thermal adj. 2 thermic balance = bolometer n. thermic fever, fever resulting from external heat, esp. heat-stroke, insolation. thermic lance, a steel pipe packed with steel wool through which a jet of suitable gas may be passed in order to burn away metal, concrete, or the like using heat generated by the burning of the pipe; cf. lance n.1 8a, thermal adj.

(Online Etymology) thermic (adj.) "of or relating to heat," 1842; from Greek-derived stem in thermo- + -ic. Related: Thermical; thermically.

THERMOCHEMISTRY (n.)

(American Heritage) ther·mo·chem·is·try n. The chemistry of heat and heat-associated chemical phenomena. —therʹmo·chemʹi·cal adj. —therʹmo·chemʹist n.

(OED) thermochemistry

< thermo- comb. form + chemistry n.

That branch of chemical science which deals with the quantities of heat evolved or absorbed when substances undergo chemical change or enter into solution; e.g. the amount of heat evolved when hydrogen burns in oxygen or when sodium hydroxide is neutralized by sulfuric acid. Also sometimes used in a wider sense to include all relations of heat to substances, such as conductivity, specific heat, etc.

(Online Etymology) thermochemistry (n.) also thermo-chemistry, "study of the relations between chemical action and heat," 1840, from thermo- "temperature, heat" + chemistry. Related: Thermochemical.

THERMOCLINE (n.)

(American Heritage) ther·mo·cline n. A layer in a large body of water, such as a lake, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt.

(OED) thermocline

<thermo- comb. form + ‑cline comb. form

A temperature gradient; esp. an abrupt temperature gradient occurring in a body of water; also, a layer of water marked by such a gradient, the water above and below being at different temperatures.

(Online Etymology) thermocline (n.) "abrupt temperature gradient" in a lake, ocean, etc., 1897, from thermo- "temperature, heat" + -cline, from Greek klinein "to slope" (see cline).

THERMOCOUPLE (n.)

(American Heritage) ther·mo·cou·ple n. A thermoelectric device used to measure temperatures accurately, especially one consisting of two dissimilar metals joined so that a potential difference generated between the points of contact is a measure of the temperature difference between the points.

(OED) thermocouple

Variant forms

Formerly also thermo-couple.

< thermo- comb. form + couple n.

A thermoelectric device for measuring temperature, consisting of two different metals joined at a point so that the junction develops a voltage dependent on the amount by which its temperature differs from that of the other end of each metal.

(Online Etymology) thermocouple (n.) also thermo-couple, device for measuring temperature, 1862, short for thermoelectric couple; see thermo- + electric + couple (n.).

THERMODYNAMIC (adj.)

(American Heritage) ther·mo·dy·nam·ic adj. 1. Characteristic of or resulting from the conversion of heat into other forms of energy. 2. Of or relating to thermodynamics. —therʹmo·dy·namʹi·cal·ly adv.

(OED) thermodynamic

< thermo- comb. form + dynamic adj. & n.

Of or relating to thermodynamics; operating or operated by the transformation of heat into motive power.

(Online Etymology) thermodynamic (adj.) "caused or operated by force due to application of heat," 1849, from thermo- "temperature, heat" + dynamic (adj.). Related: Thermodynamical; thermodynamically.

THERMOPYLAE

(American Heritage) Ther·mop·y·lae A narrow pass of east-central Greece. It was the site of an unsuccessful Spartan stand against the Persians in 480 B.C.

(OED) thermopylae

Etymon: proper name Thermopylae.

< the name of Thermopylae, a narrow pass on the north-east coast of Greece between Thessaly and Locris, the scene of a battle in 480 B.C. in which a small Greek force temporarily withheld a Persian invasion.

Used figuratively and in extended sense with reference to heroic resistance against strong opposition.

(Online Etymology) Thermopylae  narrow land passage along the Malian Gulf in ancient Greece, from Greek thermos "hot" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm") + pylai, plural of pylē "gate; mountain pass, entrance into a region" (see pylon). In reference to nearby hot sulfur springs. Often simply hai pylai "the gates."

THERMOS (n.)

(Chambers) thermos n. bottle, flask, or jug made with a vacuum between the inner and outer walls. 1907 thermos flask, a trademark patented in 1904 but not named or record- ed until 1907; borrowed from Greek thermós hot; see warm. -thermos bottle (1909)

(American Heritage) Ther·mos A trademark used for a brand of vacuum bottles and other insulated containers.

(OED) thermos

Etymon: Greek θερμός.

< Greek θερμός warm, hot.

A trade term noting a flask, bottle, or the like capable of being kept hot or cold by the device (invented by Sir James Dewar) of surrounding the interior vessel with a vacuum jacket to prevent the conduction of heat. Hence (frequently with small initial) applied loosely to any vacuum flask. Also absol., and designating a liquid which has been kept in a Thermos flask.

(Online Etymology) Thermos (n.) trademark registered in Britain 1907, invented by Sir James Dewar (patented 1904 but not named then), from Greek thermos "hot" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm").

WARM

(Skeat) warm, moderately hot. (E.) M. E. warm, Chaucer, C. T. 7409.-A.S. wearm, Grein, ii. 675. + Du. warm. + Icel. varmr. + Dan. and Swed. varm. + G. warm. Cf. Goth, warmjan, to warm; the adj. warms does not occur. β. The Teut. type is war-ma, warm, Fick, iii. 292. It is usual to connect this with Lat. formus, Gk. θερμός, hot, Skt. gharma, heat, from the √ GHAR, to glow, with which E. glow is connected; see glow. See curtius, ii. 99. γ. But this interchange of w with Skt. gh is against all rules, and constitutes a considerable objection to this theory. On this account, Fick (ii. 465) connects warm with Russ. varite, to boil, brew, scorch, burn, Lithuan, werdu, I cook, seethe, boil (infin. wirti), and hence infers a √ WAR, to cook or boil, common to Teutonic and Slavonic. δ. This seems a more likely solution; and we can also derive from the same root the Skt. ulká, a fire-brand, Lat. uulcanus, fire. See volcano. Der. warm-ly, warm-ness; also warm, verb, A. S. wearmian, Grein, ii. 675, whence warm-er, warm-ing-pan; also warm-th, sb., M. E. wermþe, O. Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, i. 37, 1. 33 (not found in A.S.).

(Chambers) warm adj. Probably before 1200 warme having or giving out heat, in Ancrene Riwle; developed from Old English wearm (before 899, in Alfred's translation of Boethius' De Consolatione Philosophiae); cognate with Old Frisian, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, modern Dutch, Old High German, and modern German warm warm, and Old Icelandic varmr (Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian varm), from Proto-Germanic *warmaz, earlier *Ʒwarmaz. The Germanic word is now almost universally derived from Indo-European *gwher-, found in Sanskrit gharmá-s heat (from Indo-European *gwhormós), Avestan garəmō hot, Greek thermós hot, thérmē heat, Latin formus warm, Old Prussian gorme heat, Lithuanian gāras steam, Old Slavic gorěti to burn, Armenian ĵerm warm, and Old Irish fogeir warms, heats (Pok.493, 1166). -v. Probably before 1200 warmen make or become warm, in Layamon's Chronicle of Britain; developed partly from Old English wyrman make warm, and partly from Old English wearmian become warm. The Old English verbs are cognate with Old Saxon wermian to warm, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, and modern Dutch warmen, Old High German warmen, wermen (modern German wärmen), Old Icelandic verma, and Gothic warmjan, all derived from the Germanic source of Old English wearm warm, adj. The figurative meaning of inspire affection (as in his heart warmed towards the dog, or warm the heart) is first recorded before 1400, and the extended sense of become eager, enthusiastic (as in to warm or warm to a subject) in about 1580.-warm-blooded adj. (1793) -warm front (1921) -warm-hearted adj. (1500-20, in Dunbar's Poems) -warmth n. About 1175 wermthe, in Lambeth Homilies; formed from Old English wearm warm + the suffix -thu- TH¹. The cognates, Middle Low German warmede, warmte, Middle Dutch warmte, and Middle High German wermede, suggest a Proto-Germanic *warmíthō. -warm-up n. 1878, act of getting warm; later, act of getting ready for something (1915).

(John Ayto) warm [OE] English, German, and Dutch warm and Swedish and Danish varm go back to a common prehistoric source, *warmaz. This in turn was descended from Indo-European *ghworm-, *ghwerm-, which also produced Greek thermós ‘hot’ (source of English thermal, thermometer, etc), Latin formus ‘warm’ and fornus ‘oven’ (source of English fornication and furnace), and Armenian jerm ‘warm’. → fornication, furnace, thermal

(Onions) warm moderately hot OE.; †comfortable, securely established xiv (Ch.); ardent, eager xiv (Gower); comfortably off; cordial, tender xv; lively, heated, excited xvi. ΟΕ. wearm = OFris., OS. warm, OHG. war(a)m (Du., G. warm), ON. varmr :- CGerm. *warmaz (cf. Goth. warmjan warm, cherish), with var. *werm-, repr. by OHG. wirma, ON. vermi warmth; prob. to be referred to IE. *ghworm- *ghwerm-, repr. by Skr. gharmás heat, Av. gar^әmō-hot, Gr. thermós hot, L. formus warm, and forms in Opruss., Alb., and Arm. So warm vb. (i) OE. *wierman, werman, wirman trans. = OS. wermian (Du. warmen), OHG. wermen (G. wärmen), ON. verma, Goth. warmjan :- CGerm. *warmjan; (ii) OE. wearmian intr. = OHG. war(a)men (early modG. warmen) :- *warmǣjan.

(American Heritage) warm adj. warm·er, warm·est. 1. Somewhat hotter than temperate; having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat; moderately hot: a warm climate. 2. Having the natural heat of living beings: a warm body. 3. Preserving or imparting heat: a warm overcoat. 4. Having or causing a sensation of unusually high body heat, as from exercise or hard work; overheated. 5. Marked by enthusiasm; ardent: warm support. 6. Characterized by liveliness, excitement, or disagreement; heated: a warm debate. 7. Marked by or revealing friendliness or sincerity; cordial: warm greetings. 8. Loving; passionate: a warm embrace. 9. Excitable, impetuous, or quick to be aroused: a warm temper. 10. Color. Predominantly red or yellow in tone: a warm sunset. 11. Recently made; fresh: a warm trail. 12. Close to discovering, guessing, or finding some thing, as in certain games. 13. Informal. Uncomfortable because of danger or annoyance: Things are warm for the bookies. — v. warmed, warm·ing, warms. — v. tr. 1. To raise slightly in temperature; make warm: warmed the rolls a bit more; warm up the house. 2. To make zealous or ardent; enliven. 3. To fill with pleasant emotions: We were warmed by the sight of home. — v. intr. 1. To become warm: The rolls are warming in the oven. 2. To become ardent, enthusiastic, or animated: began to warm to the subject. 3. To become kindly disposed or friendly: She felt the audience warming to her. — n. Informal. A warming or heating. —phrasal verb. warm up. 1. Sports. To prepare for an athletic event by exercising, stretching, or practicing for a short time beforehand. 2. To make or become ready for an event or operation. 3. To make more enthusi astic, excited, or animated. 4. To approach a state of confrontation or violence. [Middle English, from Old English wearm.] —warm’er n. —warm’ish adj. —warm’ly adv. —warm’ness n.

(OED) warm

Variant forms

Old English wearm, Middle English wærm, Middle English Orm. warrm, Middle English–1600s warme, Middle English– warm.

Common Germanic: Old English wearm = Old Frisian warm (modern West Frisian waerm, North Frisian wārəm), Middle Dutch, Dutch warm, Old Saxon warm (Middle Low German war(e)m, Low German warm), Old High German war(a)m (Middle High German, German warm), Old Norse varmr (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish varm), Gothic warm- in warmjan to warm, cherish < Germanic *warmo-, also *werm- (in Old Norse verme weak masculine warmth, Old High German wirma, Middle High German wirm(e) feminine warmth).

adjective

1. Having a fairly high temperature; affording or giving out a considerable degree of heat (less than that indicated by hot).

1.a. Of natural agencies and things, as the weather, air, climate, soil.

1.b. Of other things, typically with reference to artificial heating.

1.c. figurative. to keep a seat or place warm: to occupy it temporarily for another who is not yet qualified to hold it. (Cf. warming-pan n. 3b.)

2.a. Of the body, the blood, etc.: Having the degree of heat natural to the living organism.

2.b. Of persons: Glowing with exertion or exercise, with eating and drinking, etc.; often with mixture of one of the senses A.10– A.12. Of exercise: Strenuous enough to raise one's temperature.

2.c. Applied to tears.

2.d. Of a kiss, embrace (combining the literal idea of bodily warmth with that of affection).

2.e. = warm-blooded adj. rare.

3. Of clothing, or the natural integument of animals: Made of material which retains heat in the body.
4. Of a drug or edible: Producing a sensation of heat in the body.
5. Of a scent or trail: Fresh, strong.
6. Of the person chosen to seek or guess, in children's games: Being near the object sought; being on the verge of finding or guessing. Also figurative.
7. † Comfortable, comfortably settled (ina seat, throne, office); securely established in(possession of). Also, with converse construction, to feel the crown warm upon one's head. Obsolete.
8. Comfortably off, well to do; rich, affluent. Now chiefly colloquial.

9.a. Of fighting, conflict, an onset: Vigorously conducted; pressing hard on or harassing the foe; also figurative. Of a combatant: Dangerous to tackle. Of a locality: Dangerous to live in, inhabited by turbulent spirits. warm work, hot fighting. to make it (or things) warm for (a person): to attack or ‘go for’ him or her, to involve in hostilities or broils.

9.b. a warm reception: a vigorous onslaught or resistance; a demonstration of hostile feeling.

10.a. Of persons, party-feeling, controversy, etc.: Ardent, zealous, keen; eager, excited, heated. Const. for, upon.

10.b. Of the passions or disposition in general: Prone to excitement, ardent, impulsive; apt to disregard the voice of cool reason.

11. Hot-tempered, angry.

12.a. Of the heart, feelings, etc.: Full of love, gratitude, approbation, etc.; very cordial or tender.

12.b. With agent-noun or equivalent noun, as a warm friend, a warm supporter. Also of persons: Full of tenderness or affection.

12.c. Of utterances or manifestations.

13. Characterized by, of the nature of, prone to, sexual desire; amorous.

14.a. With reference to fancy and imagination, ideas, expectations, and the like: Ardent, lively, glowing.

14.b. Of imaginative composition: Indelicate in its appeal to sexual emotion.

15.a. Of colour: Suggestive of warmth; said esp. of rich red or yellow, and tints mingled with these.
15.b. Qualifying an adjective of colour.

16. Of a bill: Exorbitant in its charges. colloquial.

noun

1.a. That which is warm; a state, or sensation, of being warm; warmth. rare.

1.b. in the warm: (of a solution, etc.) in a warm state.

1.c. in(to) the warm: indoors, out of the cold.

2. British (Service) warm, a warm short overcoat worn especially by officers of the army. Also without British(Service), and (rarely) attributive, as warm-coat.

(Online Etymology) Warm(adj.) Old English wearm "warm," from Proto-Germanic *warmaz (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Old High German, German warm, Old Norse varmr, Gothic warmjan "to warm"), of uncertain origin. On one guess it is from PIE root *gwher- (source of Greek thermos "warm;" Latin formus "warm," Old English bærnan "to kindle"). On another guess it is connected to the source of Old Church Slavonic goriti "to burn," varŭ "heat," variti "to cook, boil;" and Lithuanian vérdu, virti "to seethe." The use of distinct words, based on degree of heat, for warm and hot is general in Balto-Slavic and Germanic, but in other languages one word often covers both (Greek thermos; Latin calidus, French chaud, Spanish caliente). In reference to feelings, etc., attested from late 15c. Of colors from 1764. Sense in guessing games first recorded 1860, from earlier hunting use in reference to scent or trail (1713). Warm-blooded in reference to mammals is recorded from 1793. Warm-hearted first recorded c. 1500.

BURN

(Skeat) burn, to set on fire. (E.) M. E. bernen, Ancren Riwle, p. 306; also brennen (by shifting of r), Chaucer, C. T. 2333.-A. S. barnan, also byrnan, to burn; Grein, i. 77, 153; also beornan, p. 109; and brinnan, in the comp. on-brinnan, ii. 340. + O. Fries. barna, berna. + Icel. brenna. + Dan. brænde. + Swed. bränna. + Goth. brinnan. + O. H. G. prinnan; M. H. G. brinnen; G. brennen. B. Prob. connected with Lat. feruere, to glow, and perhaps with furere, to rage. See √bhur, to be active, rage, in Fick, i. 163. If this be the case, burn is related to brew, and fervent. Der. burn-er.

(Chambers) burn v. Probably before 1200 burnen, in Layamon's Chronicle of Britain, but not the prevailing form before the 1550's, representing two forms originally distinct: a strong intransitive verb and a weak transitive verb, each of which underwent a transposition of sounds. The strong intransitive verb, appearing in Middle English as bernen (probably about 1175) and brinnen (before 1325) is found in Old English as beornan, biornan, byrnan to be on fire; the weak transitive verb, appearing in Middle English as brennen (probably before 1160), is found in Old English as bernan, bærnan to set on fire, consume with fire. The distinction between the two verbs began to break down in late Old English, but note that metathesis (reversal of the r) is frequent and fluctuating in the variety of both Middle and Old English forms.

Both verb forms had cognates respectively in Old Saxon, Old High German, and Gothic brinnan to be on fire, from Proto-Germanic *brenwanan, and Old Saxon and Old High German brennian, Old Icelandic brenna, and Gothic-brannjan to set on fire. The word is related through an Indo-European present stem *bhre-n-u- to the root *bhreu- (Pok.144) of Old English brēowan to BREW. Compare RUN for a similar development. -n. 1523 brenne mark made by burning, noun use developed from Middle English brennen to set on fire, replacing the original noun bryne, brene a burn (probably before 1200, in Ancrene Riwle), developed from Old English bryne, from the root of Old English byrnan to burn. -burner n. 1280, as a surname Brenner person who makes bricks, formed from Middle English brennen burn + -er¹.(John Ayto) burn [OE] English has two separate words burn. The commoner, relating to ‘fire’, is actually a conflation of two Old English verbs: birnan, which was intransitive, and bærnan, which was transitive. Both come ultimately from the Germanic base *bren-, *bran-, which also produced brand and possibly broil, and was the source of German brennen and Swedish brinna ‘burn’ (another variant of the base, *brun-, lies behind the brim- of brimstone). It has been conjectured that Latin fervēre ‘boil’ (source of English fervent and ferment) may be connected. Burn ‘stream’ comes from Old English burn(e), burna, which was a descendant of a Germanic base *brun-, source also of German brunne ‘stream’. This too has been linked with Latin fervēre (from the notion of fast-running water ‘boiling’ over rocks). → brand, brimstone, broil, ferment, fervent

(Onions) burn pt., pp. burned, burnt A. be on fire. B. consume with fire. In meaning repr. two OE. verbs, viz. (i) an intr. str. vb. birnan, beornan, pt. barn, born, burnon, pp. burnen, (ii) a trans. wk. vb. bærnan, pt. bærnde, which became obs. in early ME., so that in form burn repr. only the intr. vb. Both verbs contain metathesized forms of the Germ. *bren- *bran- (*brun- is repr. by OE. bryne burning); OE. birnan, var. of brinnan OS., OHG. brinnan, Goth. brinnan, pt. brann, brunnum, pp. brunnans; OE. bærnan OS., OHG. brennan (G. brennen trans. and intr.), ON. brenna (intr. and trans.), Goth. brannjan, pt. brannida, pp. brannips. (Similar phonetic conditions are found in run¹.) Connexions have been sought with MIr. bruinnim bubble forth, L. fervēre boil (cf. ferment), and bran. Hence burn sb. xvi.

(American Heritage) burn¹ v. burned or burnt, burn·ing, burns. — v. tr. 1. a. To cause to undergo combustion. b. To destroy with fire: burned the trash; burn a house down. c. To consume (fuel or energy, for example): burned all the wood that winter. 2. Physics. To cause to undergo nuclear fission or fusion. 3. To damage or injure by fire, heat, radiation, electricity, or a caustic agent: burned the toast; burned my skin with the acid. 4. a. To execute or kill with fire: burning heretics at the stake. b. To execute by electrocution. 5. a. To make or produce by fire or heat: burn a hole in the rug. b. To dispel; dissipate: The sun burned off the fog. 6. a. To use as a fuel: a furnace that burns coal. b. To metabolize (glucose, for example) in the body. 7. To impart a sensation of intense heat to: The chili burned my mouth. 8. a. To irritate or inflame, as by chafing or sunburn. b. To let (oneself or a part of one’s body) become sunburned. 9. To brand (an animal). 10. To harden or impart a finish to by subjecting to intense heat; fire: burn clay pots in a kiln. 11. To make angry: That remark really burns me. 12. a. To defeat in a contest, especially by a narrow margin. b. To inflict harm or hardship on; hurt: “Huge loan losses have burned banks in recent years” (Christian Science Monitor). c. To swindle or deceive; cheat: We really got burned on the used car we bought. — v. intr. 1. a. To undergo combustion. b. To admit of burning: Wood burns easily. 2. To consume fuel: a rocket stage designed to burn for three minutes before being jettisoned. 3. Physics. To undergo nuclear fission or fusion. 4. a. To emit heat or light by or as if by fire: campfires burning in the dark; the sun burning brightly in the sky. b. To become dissipated or to be dispelled by or as if by heat: The fog burned off as the sun came up. 5. To give off light; shine: a light burning over the door. 6. To be destroyed, injured, damaged, or changed by or as if by fire: a house that burned to the ground; eggs that burned and stuck to the pan. 7. a. To be very hot; bake: a desert burning under the midday sun. b. To feel or look hot: a child burning with fever. c. To impart a sensation of heat: a liniment that burns when first applied. 8. a. To become irritated or painful, as by chafing or inflammation: eyes burning from the smoke. b. To become sunburned or windburned. 9. To be consumed with strong emotion, especially: a. To be or become angry: an insult that really made me burn. b. To be very eager: was burning with ambition. 10. To penetrate by or as if by intense heat or flames: enemy ground radar burning through the fighters’ electronic jammers; a look that burned into them. 11. To be vividly or painfully present: shame burning in my heart. 12. a. To suffer punishment or death by or as if by fire: souls burning in hell. b. To be electrocuted. — n. 1. An injury produced by fire, heat, radiation, electricity, or a caustic agent. 2. A burned place or area: a cigarette burn in the tablecloth. 3. The process or result of burning: The fire settled down to a steady burn. 4. A stinging sensation: the burn of alcohol on an open wound. 5. A sunburn or windburn. 6. Aerospace. A firing of a rocket. 7. A swindle. —phrasal verbs. burn out. 1. To stop burning from lack of fuel. 2. To wear out or make or become inoperative as a result of heat or friction: The short circuit burned out the fuse. 3. To cause (a property owner or a resident) to have to evacuate the premises because of fire: The shopkeeper was burned out by arsonists. 4. To make or become exhausted, especially as a result of long-term stress: “Hours are long, stress is high, and many recruits drop out or burn out” (Robert J. Samuelson). burn up. 5. To make angry: Their rudeness really burns me up. 6. To travel over or through at high speed: drag racers burning up the track. —idioms. burn (one’s) bridges. To eliminate the possibility of return or retreat. burn the candle at both ends (or burn one’s candle at both ends). To exhaust oneself or one’s resources by leading a hectic or extravagant life. burn the midnight oil. To work or study very late at night. to burn. In great amounts: They had money to burn. [Middle English burnen, from Old English beornan, to be on fire,, and from bærnan, to set on fire; see g^wher- in Appendix.]

(OED) Burn Variant forms

past tense and participle burned /bɜːnd/  , burnt /bɜːnt/ 

α. infinitive Old English beornan, ( bearnan, bernan), Middle English beornen, birnen, Middle English berne(n, Middle English–1500s birne, byrne, Middle English–1600s burne, (1500s bourne), 1500s– burn.

past tense, strong Old English bearn, ( barn), plural burnon, Middle English born, plural burnen; weak Middle English bernde, Middle English byrnyd, 1500s byrned, 1600s– burnt, 1800s burned.

past participle Old English bornen; weak 1500s– burnt, burned.

β. infinitive Old English brinnan, Middle English brinnen, Middle English brinne, brin, Middle English–1500s brynne, bryn.

past tense Old English bran), Middle English– Middle English brint, (Middle English brind), Middle English brinde, Middle English brynt, Middle English brynnede, Middle English– Scottish brunt, (1500s brint).

past participle Middle English–1500s brint, Middle English brind, Middle English–1500s brynt, 1500s– Scottish brunt, (1500s brount).

γ. infinitive Old English bærnan, Middle English bærnen, barnen, Middle English bearnen, Orm. bærnenn.

past tense Old English bærnde, Middle English barnde, bearnde.

past participle Old English bærned, Middle English i-barnd.

δ. infinitive Middle English brennen, Middle English–1500s brenne, bren, brene, 1700s–1800s northern dialect bren.

past tense Middle English Orm. brennde, Middle English brende, Middle English–1500s brente, Middle English brennede, brennyde, (Middle English brend), Middle English–1500s brenned, Middle English–1600s brent.

past participle Middle English–1500s (dialect1500s– ) brent, ( -te, -tte), Middle English–1500s brend, ( -de), 1500s (1800s dialect) brenned, (1600s brended).

The modern verb represents two earlier verbs, viz. (1) the intransitive strong verb, Gothic brinnan, (brann, brunnum; brunnans), Old Norse brinnan (later brennan), Old Saxon, Old High German, Middle High German brinnan, Old English brinnan, by metathesis *birnan, bernan, beornan, (bran, barn, born, bearn; burnon, bornen) ‘ardere’; and (2) the derived factitive weak verb, Gothic brannjan (brannida, branniþs), Old Norse brenna, Old Saxon, Old High German brenn(i)an, (Middle High German and German brennen), Old English bærnan (by metathesis for bręnnan), bærnde, ‘urere’. Beornan and bærnan were still distinct in Old English, but ran together early in the Middle English period. Middle English had four types of the present stem, bern-, brin(n-, barn-, bren(n-, the two former of which appear to represent the intransitive, and the third the transitive Old English verb; bren(n- appears to be mainly the Old Norse brenna, but may partly have originated by metathesis < bern-. Of the original strong verb, the strong past tense does not appear later than Layamon, and the distinction of transitive and intransitive was soon lost, the different types being used indiscriminately as to sense, though with dialectal preferences. Brenne, brent was the most common type in late Middle English, and even down to the 16th cent., when it was somewhat abruptly dispossessed by burn, burnt, apparently the descendant of the earlier bern-, birn-, though the continuity is not very clearly made out, as, between the 13th and 16th centuries, this type is scarcely recorded in Scottish writers.

1. Intransitive senses.

I.1.a. Of fire, a furnace, or conflagration: To be in the state of activity characteristic of fire; to be in the state of combustion. Sometimes the prominent notion is that of intense heat (whence also transferred of a fever, etc.): sometimes that of the visible flaming or blazing.

I.1.b. figurative. Of the passions, as love, wrath, etc.; also poetic of a battle: To be fierce, furious; to glow, rage.

I.2.a. Of matter: To be in process of consumption by fire; to be on fire; to be enveloped in flames.

I.2.b. figurative. Of persons, of the heart, etc.: To be on fire (with desire, lust, passion, wrath); to glow, pant. Often followed by infinitive of purpose: To desire ardently.

I.2.c. literal and figurative. With certain modifying adverbs. to burn out, forth: to burst out in flame (archaic). to burn out, also (quasi-reflexive and passive) to burn itself out, to be burnt out: to burn until extinguished by want of fuel; spec. (a) Of an electrical valve, fuse, etc.; (b) of a space rocket. Also, to burn oneself out: to exhaust one's strength (by over-exertion) (1937 in Partridge Dict. Slang s.v.). to burn down, burn low: to burn until it becomes feeble from want of fuel. to burn up: to take strong hold of the combustible material, get fairly alight. Also with certain adjectives denoting the colours or quality of the flame, as to burn red, blue, bright, etc.

I.2.d. Physics. Occasionally used (with conscious metaphor) for: To undergo the same kind of chemical change (oxidation) as in burning, accompanied by more or less evolution of heat.

I.2.e. Of nuclear fuel: to undergo fission or fusion. Also const. up.

I.3.a. gen. To become or be violently hot; said of solids or gases (not of liquids). Also of persons: To have a sensation like that arising from exposure to fire; often of the face, as an effect of shame or anger; also (colloquial) of the ears, in allusion to the superstition that a person's ears feel hot when he or she is spoken of in his or her absence.

I.3.b. † To be inflamed, suffer from inflammatory disease. spec. Of a horse: To suffer from glanders. Obsolete or dialect.

I.3.c. money burns (a hole) (in) one's pocket: one is impatient to spend one's money. (The same notion is expressed by other constructions of the verb; e.g. to burn one's pocket, a hole in one's pocket, cf. II.ii.16; more rarely the pocket is said to be burning out with its contents.)

I.3.d. In certain games: of a person approaching so near to a concealed object sought, that he or she would feel it very warm or hot, if it were fire. (Cf. warm adj. A.6.) Hence figurative. To approach near to the truth. [Compare French ‘nous brûlons, comme on dit au jeu de pincette’.]

I.3.e. Said poetically or rhetorically of water: To be in violent agitation. rare.

I.4.a. Of candles, lamps, etc.: To be in process of combustion so as to give light; hence, to flame, give light, shine. Also transferred of the sun, stars, or any other luminary.

I.4.b. Of other objects: To appear as if on fire, glow with light or colour.

I.4.c. † Of the sea: To be phosphorescent. Cf. burning n. I.3.

I.4.d. Of the engine of a spacecraft: to consume fuel and provide thrust. (Cf. sense I.2c.)

I.4.e. Of a motor car, etc.: to travel at speed. slang.

I.5.a. To suffer destruction, injury, change of structure or properties from contact with fire; to be reduced to ashes, a cinder, etc., by fire; to be scorched, charred, etc. Often said of food spoiled by too great or prolonged exposure to heat in roasting or baking. to burn to (the inside of a vessel): to adhere to by burning; also with to (absolute as adverb). to burn away: to be gradually dissipated or consumed by burning (also quasi- reflexive. to burn itself away). Sometimes with adjectives denoting the result, as to burn black, brown, hard, etc.

I.5.b. † transferred. Of crops, etc.: To be withered by the sun's heat; to suffer decay in such a manner as to present the appearance of being scorched.

I.6. To suffer death by fire. Now somewhat archaic, the usual modern expression being to be burnt.

I.7. to burn into (of fire, a caustic, etc.): to eat its way into (a thing or substance). Usually figurative of an event, a conviction, etc.; to make an indelible impression upon (a person's mind).

1. Transitive senses.

II.i. to consume by fire.

II.i.8.a. Of fire: To destroy, consume (any combustible object). Of persons: To cause to be destroyed or consumed by fire; to set on fire, commit to the flames. Also absol.

II.i.8.b. With adverbs or complement phrases. to burn up: to consume entirely by burning; figurative, to irritate, to upset, to enrage (U.S. slang.); also (U.S. colloquial) to travel through or along at speed. Also figurative. to burn away: to consume or dissipate gradually by burning. to burn out: to consume the contents and interior of (a building). So also to burn to, into (formerly also in) ashes, to burn to powder, etc.; and to burn (a building) down, to burn to the ground.

II.i.8.c. Used in the imperative as an imprecation.

II.i.8.d. To spend or use freely; esp. to have (money, etc.) to burn, to have in abundance or to spare. Originally U.S.

II.i.9. Specific uses of sense II.i.8.

II.i.9.a. To make a burnt-offering of (incense, a victim) to a deity. Also absol. (with incense as implied object).

II.i.9.b. † With metonymy of the object; to burn a country: i.e. to set fire to all objects on the surface of the ground. Obsolete. to burn the earth or wind: to go at full speed. U.S.

II.i.9.c. figurative. to burn one's boats: to cut oneself off from all chance of retreat. to burn the Thames: to perform some startling prodigy, ‘set the Thames on fire’. to burn the mill (in allusion to letting the millstones become red-hot by friction from want of grist). to burn one's bridges: see bridge n.¹ Phrases P.5.

II.i.10. To put to death by fire, esp. as a judicial punishment. Now often to burn alive, to burn to death.

II.i.11.a.i. To consume for artificial warming or lighting; to keep (a candle, a lamp) alight.

II.i.11.a.ii. Physics. Sometimes used for: To consume by oxidation with evolution of heat (cf. I.2d).

II.i.11.b. In figurative phrases: to burn daylight: to burn candles in the daytime, also to waste or consume the daylight. So †to burn seasonable weather: to fail to turn it to advantage, consume, waste (obsolete). to burn the (or one's) candle at both ends; see candle n.

II.i.11.c. † figurative. to burn it blue: ? to act outrageously. Obsolete slang. (See to burn blue at blue adj. & n. Phrases P.1.)

II.i.12. figurative.

II.i.12.a. To inflame with desire, love, passion, etc.

II.i.12.b. To anger, infuriate, or incense. U.S. slang.

II.ii. to affect by burning.

II.ii.13.a. Of fire, or any heating agency: To produce the characteristic effects of combustion upon; to calcine, char, scorch, discolour, or mark by burning; to spoil food in cooking from such a cause; to alter in chemical composition (by oxidation, volatilization of a constituent, etc.), or in appearance, physical structure or properties, by intense heat. (Not used when the effect is merely that of melting or softening.) Of persons: To expose (something) to the action of fire so as to produce these results; esp. to treat with fire for a specific purpose, e.g. to burn wood (for charcoal), clay (for bricks or pottery), the soil (as an agricultural process). Also with adjectives denoting the result, as to burn hard, to burn red, to burn black, to burn clean.

II.ii.13.b. Hence, To produce (charcoal, bricks, lime, etc.) by burning.

II.ii.13.c. to burn (metals) together: to join them by melting their adjacent edges, or heating the adjacent edges and running some molten metal of the same kind into the intermediate space. to burn on: to add (a part) to an injured or incomplete casting by running in a stream of molten metal.

II.ii.13.d. transferred. To produce on (anything) an effect resembling that of burning; e.g. (of the sun) to wither, dry up (vegetation), to parch, dry up (the ground); to freckle, embrown, or discolour (the skin), cf. sunburnt adj. Sometimes said of cold, and of certain manures and crops, to express their effect on vegetation or on the soil. †poetic. Of cattle: to burn (the ground) bare: to crop it close.

II.ii.13.e. figurative. to burn the planks: to remain long sitting.

II.ii.13.f. to burn off: to clear (land) for cultivation by burning the vegetation; to burn dry or rank vegetation (tussock, etc.). Also absol. (Cf. burn n.³ 1b and burning n. II.8a and II.8e.) North American, Australian, and New Zealand.

II.ii.13.g. To vulcanize (india-rubber) by mixing it with sulfur or metallic sulfides and heating it.

II.ii.13.h. To utilize the nuclear energy of (uranium, etc.).

II.ii.14.a. To wound or to cause pain to (a person, animal, or part of the body) by the contact of fire or of something intensely heated: said both of the fire or heated body itself, and of the person who applies it. Often reflexive (of persons, with approach to the passive sense); also in expressions such as to burn one's fingers, to burn one's foot = to suffer injury in those members by burning. Also absol.

II.ii.14.b.

figurative. to burn one's fingers, to get one's fingers burnt: see finger n. Phrases P.3a.ii.

II.ii.14.c. To cauterize, as a surgical operation; to brand with the mark of a criminal. to burn out: to destroy (the eyes, etc.) by burning.

II.ii.14.d. transferred. Said of a caustic, acrid, or irritating substance (as vitriol, a blister, etc.); sometimes of intense cold, the effect produced by which resembles that caused by burning: To wound or cause local pain to, in a manner resembling the effect of contact with fire. Also absol.

II.ii.14.e. † To infect with sores; esp. with venereal disease. Cf. I.3b. Obsolete.

II.ii.14.f. To swindle. (See Sc. National Dict.)

II.ii.15. To drive (a person or animal) out of a place by heat, or by the burning of his or her or its dwelling. Phrase, to burn out of house and home.

II.ii.16. To make (a mark) on or in, (a hole) in or through, anything, by burning. Also figurative to make (a recollection, a conviction) indelible in a person's mind. to burn in: to render indelible (the painting upon pottery, etc.) by exposure to fire. to burn a hole in one's pocket.

II.ii.17. to burn the water: to spear salmon by torchlight. Also, to burn a bowl, to burn a curling stone, etc.: to displace it accidentally.

II.ii.18. to burn out: to fuse by means of an electric current. Cf. burn-out n. (b).

II.ii.19. slang. To smoke (tobacco). Cf. burn n.³ 1e.

(Online Etymology) burn (v.) early 12c., brennen, "be on fire, be consumed by fire; be inflamed with passion or desire, be ardent; destroy (something) with fire, expose to the action of fire, roast, broil, toast; burn (something) in cooking," of objects, "to shine, glitter, sparkle, glow like fire;" chiefly from Old Norse brenna "to burn, light," and also from two originally distinct Old English verbs: bærnan "to kindle" (transitive) and beornan "be on fire" (intransitive)

BURNING 

(American Heritage) burn·ing adj. 1. Marked by flames or intense heat: a burning sun. 2. Characterized by intense emotion; passionate: a burning desire for justice. 3. Of immediate import; urgent: “the issues that seem so burning in Washington” (John F. Kennedy). —burn’ing·ly adv.

(OED) Burning Variant forms For forms see burn v.¹

< burn v.¹ + ‑ing suffix².

ADJECTIVE

That burns (in the various senses of the verb).

1. Connected with the intransitivesenses of the verb.

I.1.a. In a state of active heat, glowing, flaming.

I.1.b. transferred. Of fever, thirst, etc.: Characterized by great heat, raging, violent.

I.1.c. figurative. Of the passions: Ardent, glowing; vehement, excited.

I.1.d. figurative. In burning shame, burning disgrace, etc., the prevailing idea is now perhaps ‘flagrant, flaming, conspicuous’; but there is often a mixture of notions derived from other senses, such as those of branding, stigmatizing; torturing as an inward fire; causing the cheeks to glow, etc.

I.2.a. On fire, as a combustible; in process of being destroyed by fire; enveloped in flames. spec. burning mountain (now archaic), a volcano.

I.2.b. figurative. burning matter, burning question (cf. French question brûlante, German brennende Frage): one that is under hot discussion, or about which the public are excited.

I.2.c. figurative. That is on fire with feeling and passion, or that glows with vehemence; ardent, fiery.

I.3.a. In a highly heated state; exceedingly hot. †burning line: the equator (obsolete). burning zone: the torrid zone (poetic).

I.3.b. burning scent: strong, very ‘warm’ scent; burning chase: hot, uninterrupted, pursued without a check.

I.4. That burns luminously; giving light, shining; transferred glowing as if incandescent.

1. Connected with the transitivesenses of the verb.

II.5.a. Affecting with heat; scorching, withering.

II.5.b. Causing a sensation like that of contact with fire. †burning water = ardent spirit (obsolete).

II.5.c. That resembles heat in its effects.

II.6. Quasi-adv., as in burning hot.

II.7. In parasynthetic combinations.

(Online Etymology) burning (adj.) Middle English brenning, from Old English, "scorching, hot;" mid-14c. in figurative sense of "powerful, strong, ardent;" present-participle adjective from burn (v.)). The meaning "causing excitement" is by 1865 and is the sense in burning question (1865), which matches French question brûlante, German brennende Frage. Burning bush is from Exodus iii.2. It was adopted as an emblem by Scottish Presbyterian churches in memory of the 17c. persecutions. Burning-glass is attested from 1560s.

BURNT

(American Heritage) burnt v. A past tense and a past participle of burn¹.

(OED) Burnt Variant forms For forms see burn v.¹

Etymons: English burnt, burn v.¹ < burnt, past participle of burn v.¹

1.a. Set on fire, consumed with fire.

1.b. figurative. Fired with passion; inflamed, excited.

2. burnt out:

2.a. (a) Extinct after entire consumption of the fuel; sometimes figurative. (b) Driven out by a conflagration; cf. burn v.¹ II.ii.15.

2.b. Of a leper: cured (see quot. 1959), esp. in burnt-out case. Also figurative (frequently with influence of sense 2a(a)).

3.a. Affected or damaged by fire or excessive heat, scorched. †burnt line: the equator. †burnt zone: the torrid zone. In †burnt planet, †burnt way, = combust adj. (Astrology).

3.b. Of persons: That has suffered injury or pain from fire, or agencies resembling fire; esp. in proverb, the burnt child dreads the fire.

3.c. † Medicine. Adust. burnt choler noun 'choler adust’.

4. That has been treated with fire for a specific purpose:

4.a. Said of earth that has been burn-beated; of clay, bricks, tiles, etc. Also burnt-iron noun (see quot. 1881).

4.b. Of gold and silver: Molten, refined by fire.

4.c. Calcined or treated by fire for use as a drug, pigment, etc., as burnt alum, burnt carmine, burnt ochre, burnt sienna, burnt sponge, burnt umber, etc. (see alum n.¹, carmine n. & adj., etc.); † burnt-brass noun Obsolete name for copper sulfate. † burnt copper noun Obsolete copper oxide. † burnt lead noun Obsolete lead sulfide.

4.d. Impressed by burning or branding; branded.

4.e. burnt taste, burnt flavour, etc.: a taste, etc., resembling that of something that has been burnt; burnt cream = crème brûlée n.

5. Of wine, etc.: ‘Made hot’ (Johnson); see quot. 1876; the precise early sense is doubtful. (Now only dialect) burnt brandy: that from which part of the spirit has been removed by burning.
6. Affected as with burning.

6.a. Of grain: Affected by smut, ergot, etc.; cf. Compounds.

6.b. Affected by venereal disease.

6.c. (See quot. 1909.)

7.a. burnt (colour), a deep shade of yellowish brown; so burnt-coloured adj.

7.b. Of a colour or shade of colour: having the appearance of darkening by scorching.

(Online Etymology) burnt (adj.) late 14c., "consumed or scorched by fire," past-participle adjective from the original past participle of burn (v.), which was displaced after 16c, by burned. Burnt offering "animal burned whole upon an altar in Jewish ritual" is from late 14c., a biblical phrase (see Exodus xx.24, Mark xii.33). Burnt-cork (1800) was used as theatrical makeup in blackface acts. Burnt fox was an old slang name for a student during his second half-year in a German university.

BOOK-BURNING

(OED) Book-burning <book n. + burning n.

The destruction, esp. by burning, of books or other publications regarded as harmful or subversive; an instance of this.

(Online Etymology) book-burning (n.) "mass destruction by fire of published material deemed obscene, corrupting, etc.," 1850, from book (n.) + verbal noun from burn (v.). As an adjective, it is attested from 1726 (in John Toland, who was a victim of it).

BRAN

(Skeat) bran, the coat of a grain of wheat. (C.) M.E. bran, Wright's Vocab. i. 201.-W. bran, bran, husk. + Irish bran, chaff. [The Gaelic bran, cited in E. Müller and Webster, is not in Macleod's Dict.] β. We find also a M. E. form bren, borrowed from O. F. bren, which again is from the Breton brenn, bran. B. It is difficult to determine whether our word was borrowed directly from the Welsh, or indirectly, through French, from the Breton. The latter is more likely, as bren is the more usual form in early writers. The mod. F. form is bran, like the English. The F. bren, dung, in Cotgrave, is the same word; the original sense is refuse, esp. stinking refuse; and an older sense appears in the Gael. brein, stench, breun, to stink; also in the word Breath, q. v.

(Chambers) bran n. broken husks of grains. Before 1325, in Cursor Mundi; borrowed from Old French bran, bren, from a Gaulish word (probably surviving in Vulgar Latin *brennus; also compare Breton brenn, but not recorded in other Celtic languages).

(John Ayto) bran [13] English borrowed bran from Old French bran, but its ultimate source is unclear. Modern French bran means ‘excrement’, and if this had always been a part of the word’s makeup it might have been possible to suggest a Celtic origin, perhaps a Gaulish *brenno- (Welsh braen and Irish brean both mean ‘manure’), but English bran appears never to have meant anything but ‘cereal husks’. It may ultimately be connected with burn. → burn

(Onions) bran (ground) husk of wheat, etc. xiii. ME. bran, bren-(O)F. bran bran, (now) excrement, muck, filth, †bren (whence F. breneux soiled with fæces) = Pr., OSp., It. dial. bren, of unkn. origin; W., Ir., Gael. bran, Bret. brenn are from Eng. or F.; AL. forms are brenn(i)um, brannum (xiii- xiv).

(American Heritage) bran n. The outer layers of the grain of cereals such as wheat, removed during the process of milling and used as a source of dietary fiber. [Middle English, from Old French, of Celtic origin.] —bran’ny adj.

(OED) Bran Variant forms Middle English bren, Middle English brenne, bryn(e, 1500s brene, Middle English–1600s branne, Middle English– bran.

Etymons: French bren, bran. < Old French bren, bran; compare Provençal bren, Spanish dialect bren, Italian dialect brenno, brinnu, bren, bran. A Celtic etymology is usually alleged, but the words quoted, Breton brenn, Welsh bràn, Gaelic bran, appear to be adopted < French and English. The sense of ‘filth, excrement’, which belongs to bren or bran in modern French, is not recorded in Old French; if this were the primary sense, we might compare Welsh braen, Irish brean, Gaelic breun, which have in compounds the sense of ‘manure’.

1.a. The husk of wheat, barley, oats, or other grain, separated from the flour after grinding; in technical use, the coarsest portion of the ground husk (see quot. 1883).

1.b. figurative and transferred. (Proverbial phrases, to sift to the bran, to take the flour and leave the bran.)

2. † Scurf in the hair. Obsolete. (Cf. Greek πίτυρον, Latin furfur.)

(Online Etymology) bran (n.)  "the husk of wheat, barley, etc., separated from the flour after grinding," c. 1300, from Old French bren "bran, scurf, scales, feces" (12c., Modern French bran), perhaps from Celtic and connected with Gaulish *brenno- "manure" (but OED is against this) or with burn (v.). The word also was used 16c. in English for "dandruff flakes.

BRUSH-BURN

(OED) Brush-burn <brush n.² + burn n.³

An inflammation or sore caused by violent friction.

(Online Etymology) brush-burn (n.) "injury resulting from violent friction," 1862, from brush (v.2) "move briskly" + burn (n.).

BURNABLE 

(OED) Burnable < burn v.¹ + ‑able suffix.

1. Capable of being burnt or consumed by fire.
2. Quasi-n.: A combustible. (rare.)

(Online Etymology) burnable (adj.) "capable of being burned," 1610s, a hybrid from burn (v.) + -able.

BURNER

(Skeat) see burn

(Chambers) see burn

(American Heritage) burn·er n. 1. One that burns, especially: a. A device, as in a furnace, stove, or gas lamp, that is lighted to produce a flame. b. A device on a stovetop, such as a gas jet or electric element, that produces heat. 2. a. A unit, such as a furnace, in which something is burned: an oil burner. b. An incinerator. 3. Slang. a. An elaborate mural painted by a graffiti artist, usually on the wall of an abandoned building. b. A large, multicolored graffito.

(OED) Burner Variant forms Also Middle English–1500s brenner, brennar, 1500s borner.

< burn v.¹ + ‑er suffix¹.

1.a. One who burns, or consumes with fire.

1.b. figurative.

1.c. A swindler. U.S. ? Obsolete. (Cf. burn v.¹ II.ii.14f.)

2. One who prepares or produces by burning. Chiefly in combination, as brick-burner, charcoal-burner, lime-burner.
3. A vessel to hold something that is burning.

4.a. That part of an illuminating apparatus from which the flame comes; in a lamp the wick-holder; in a gas-light the part containing the hole or holes through which the gas passes before combustion. Often with defining words, as burner Argand, batwing burner, burner cockspur, etc.

4.b. Welsbach incandescent gas burner, a burner devised by Auer von Welsbach for producing an incandescent light by means of a mantle (see mantle n. IV.16b) and Bunsen burner. Also called the Auer burner, incandescent burner, or Welsbach burner.

4.c. In a gas cooker, the part containing the hole or holes through which the gas passes before combustion. See also cook v.¹ Phrases P.3.

(Online Etymology) burner (n.) late 13c., also as a surname, Brenner, "person who makes bricks," agent noun from burn (v.)). As a name for a part of a lamp where the flame issues, from 1790. Of the heating elements on gas cooking-stoves, by 1885.

BURN-OUT 

(American Heritage) burn·out n. 1. A failure in a device attributable to burning, excessive heat, or friction. 2. Aerospace. a. The termination of rocket or jet-engine operation because of fuel exhaustion or shutoff. b. The point at which this termination occurs. 3. a. Physical or emotional exhaustion, especially as a result of long-term stress or dissipation. b. One who is worn out physically or emotionally, as from long-term stress.

(OED) Burn-out <burn- comb. form + out n.

1. A complete destruction by fire; also = burn n.³ 1c; b. the fusing of a wire or other electric conductor by excess of electric current; also attributive, as burn-out fuse, burn-out alloy, one that melts at a comparatively low temperature and serves as a safeguard against damage by excess of current; c. (the moment of) final consumption of fuel by a space rocket, etc.; also attributive; d. originally U.S.physical or emotional exhaustion, esp. caused by stress at work; depression, disillusionment; cf. to burn oneself out at burn v.¹ I.2c(b).

(Online Etymology) burn-out (n.) also burnout, "drug user," by 1972, slang, from the verbal phrase, which is attested from 1590s in the sense "burn until fuel is exhausted;" see burn (v.) + out (adv.). The immediate source is perhaps the use of the phrase in reference to electrical circuits, "fuse or cease to function from overload" (1931). Also compare burnt out "extinct after entire consumption of fuel" (1837). The meaning "mental exhaustion from continuous effort" is from 1975.

HEARTBURN

(American Heritage) heart·burn n. A burning sensation, usually centered in the middle of the chest near the sternum, caused by the reflux of acidic stomach fluids that enter the lower end of the esophagus. Also called cardialgia, pyrosis.

(OED) Heartburn Variant forms Middle English - hertbryne, hertebren, 1500s -hartburne, harteburne, 1600s - heartburne, 1600s– heartburn

Etymons: heart n., brune n.¹; heart n., burn n.³ Partly (in Middle English) < heart n. + brune n.¹, and partly (in later use) < heart n. + burn n.³ In sense 2 partly after post-classical Latin cardialgia or its etymon Hellenistic Greek καρδιαλγία cardialgia n.; compare heart n. A.I.4, and heart-burning n. 2. Compare heart-burning n., and later heart-burn v.

(Online Etymology) heartburn (n.) mid-13c., herte-brine "lust," later "burning sensation in the esophagus, indigestion" (mid-15c.); see heart (n.) + burn (n.). Compare cardiac for confusion of "heart" and "stomach." A Middle English alternative was herte-brenning "anger, bitterness" (c. 1400), also "heartburn" (mid-15c.).

SUNBURN 

(Chambers) -sunburn n. (1652); v. 1530, in Palsgrave's Lesclarcissement; back formation from sunburnt (about 1400 sunne y-brent)

(American Heritage) sun·burn n. Inflammation or blistering of the skin caused by overexposure to direct sunlight. — v. sun·burned or sun·burnt (-bûrnt’), sun·burn·ing, sun·burns. — v. tr. intr. To affect or be affected with sunburn.

(OED) Sunburn Inflections Past tense and past participle:sunburnt, sunburned

Variant forms See sun n.¹ and burn v.¹

Etymons: sun n.¹, burn v.¹ < sun n.¹ + burn v.¹, after sunburning n. and sunburnt adj.

1. transitive. To cause (the skin or a body part) to become red, inflamed, or sore by excessive exposure to the sun; to affect with sunburn. Also in extended use and figurative.

2.a. intransitive. Of a person, the skin, or a part of the body: to be or become red, inflamed, or sore by excessive exposure to the sun; to be affected by sunburn.

2.b. intransitive. Of plant tissue: to be damaged by the sun. Cf. sunburn n. 2.

(Online Etymology) sunburn (v.) 1520s, "discolor or scorch (the skin) by the sun," from sun (n.) + burn (v.).

As a noun, "condition of being discolored or scorched by the sun," from 1650s; earlier was sonne-brenninge (late 14c.). As an adjective, "discolored by exposure to the sun," sunburnt (c. 1400) is older than sunburned (c. 1500, sunne y-brent), "dried by the heat of the sun" (of bricks).