தருநர் அகராதி

R.L Turner

1. khala

3834 khála¹ m. 'threshing floor'. RV.
    Pa. khala- m.n., NiDoc. khalade abl., Pk. khala- n., Wg. kōl (← Kho.?), Dm. khal, Paš.lauṛ kāl, chil. xōl, Woṭ. Gaw. khal m., Kho. khol, Phal. khāl, Sh. (Lor.) khΛl, K. khal m.; S. kharo m. 'threshing floor', °rī f. 'uncovered enclosure for storage of grain'; Ku. khalo, gng. khaw 'threshing floor', khai 'wrestling place'; N. khalo 'threshing floor', khaliyo 'place to stack wood'; A. khalā 'place cleared for cooking &c.'; B. khal 'threshing floor', Or. khaḷa, °ḷā; G. khaḷũ n., °ḷī f. 'threshing floor, granary'; M. khaḷ, °ḷẽ n. 'threshing floor', Si. kala.
    khálya-; khaladhāna-, khalapū́-, *khalapr̥ṣṭha-, *khalavāṭa-, khalēdhānī-.

3839 khaladhāna n. 'threshing floor' lex. 2. khalēdhānī- f. 'post of a threshing floor' lex. [khála-¹, dhā́na-]
    1. P. khulhān m. 'threshing floor' (u from khullhṇā 'to open'?).
    2. N. khalihān 'granary, farmyard'; Bi. Mth. kharihān, °nī 'threshing floor', OAw. kharihāna, H. khalĭ̄hān, °liyān m.

3840 khalapū́ m. 'one who cleans the threshing floor' Pāṇ. [khála-¹, pū-]
    Pk. khalapū- m.; Kho. xaláu 'mouse' (BelvalkarVol 97 despite x for kh).

3841 *khalapr̥ṣṭha 'threshing floor'. [khála-¹, pr̥ṣṭhá-]
    Si. kalaviṭa 'threshing floor'?

3843 *khalavāṭa 'enclosure for threshing floor'. [khála-¹, vāṭa-¹]
    L. khalvāṛā m. 'threshing floor', awāṇ. khalāṛā 'barn'; P. khalvāṛā, °veṛā m. 'threshing floor'; M. khaḷvāḍī f. 'enclosed space containing several threshing floors', khaḷevāḍī re-formed after pl. khaḷẽ.

3847 khálya 'being on the threshing floor' VS., 'fit for a threshing floor' Pāṇ., khalyā- f. 'a number of threshing floors' Pāṇ. [khála-¹]
    WPah. bhal. khall n. 'threshing floor', H. khallā m.

1. Gala

*GAL² 'swallow': gala-², gálati², giláti, gilana-; *avagāla-, *udgala-, *udgalati², *udgāla-², *udgālayati², *udgilati, upagilati, nigalati, nigalana-, nigilati, *pragula-, *vyāgōlayati; — √gr̥̄².

 4070 gala² m. 'throat, neck' MBh., °aka- m. VarBr̥S. 2. *gaḍa-⁶. [For 2 cf. concurrence of forms listed under √gal¹ and √gaḍ. — √*gal²]
    1. Pa. gala- m. 'throat, dewlap', °aka- n. 'throat'; Pk. gala-, °aa- m. 'throat, neck'; Wg. gal 'throat'; Gaw. gala-šū̃ṭi 'back of the tongue' (+?); K. golᵘ m. 'mouth, entrance', ḍoḍ. galo 'neck'; S. g̠aro m. 'neck' (galo m. 'throat' is lw.); L. gaḷ, (Ju.) g̠al m. 'neck'; P. gal m. 'neck', galā m. 'throat, neck'; WPah. bhad. bhal. gal n. 'throat', paṅ. gaḷ, Ku. galo, gng. gaw, N. galo; A. gal 'throat', galā-gali 'falling on each other's neck'; B. gal 'prow of boat', galā 'throat'; Or. gaḷa, °ḷā 'throat, neck'; Mth. gar, garā 'neck'; Bhoj. gar 'throat'; H. gal, galā m. 'throat, neck' (→ Bhoj. galā, OAw. gala), Marw. gaḷo m. 'throat', G. gaḷũ n., M. gaḷā m., Ko. gaḷo m.; Si. gala 'throat, neck'.
    2. Kal. gřä 'neck'; Kho. goḷ 'front of neck, throat'.
    galyā-; *galakambala-, *galakaśa-, *galacūḍa-, *galadāman-, *galadāmana-, *galapāṭaka-, *galapuṭa-, *galabandha-, *galabandhana-, *galavibhēdana-, galastana-, galahasta-, galaugha-, *galaughika-.

4078 *galapuṭa 'throat'. [gala-², puṭa-]
    Bshk. garṓr 'gullet'; Tor. garḗṛ 'throat', Phal. garū́ṛi.

4071 galakambala m. 'dewlap' lex. [gala-², kambala-²]
    L. galmã, (Ju.) g̠almā̃ m. 'dewlap of cattle' through *galamalā or poss. < *kamlā X gal.

4072 *galakaśa 'neck rope'. [gala-², káśā-]
    S. g̠irāho 'neck rope for an animal', B. galāsi, Or. gaḷāsi, H. galāsī f.

4073 *galacūḍa 'necklace'. [gala-², cūḍa-²]
    Gaw. garuṛa 'necklace'.

4075 gálati² 'swallows' Dhātup. 2. giláti ŚBr. [√*gal²]
    1. G. gaḷvũ (or < 2), Si. galinavā; — MIA. caus. in -āvaï: Mth. garāeb 'to swallow'; Si. galvanavā 'to make swallow'.
    2. Pa. gilati, Pk. gilaï; S. g̠iraṇu 'to eat voraciously' (or < giráti²); A. giliba 'to swallow', B. gilā (→ Mth. gilab), Or. giḷibā, H. gilnā, G. gaḷvũ (or < 1), M. giḷṇẽ, Ko. giḷtā, Si. gilinavā. — See giráti².

4076 *galadāman 'neck rope'. 2. *galadāmana-² [gala-², dā́man-¹]
    1. L. (Ju.) g̠alāvā̃ m. 'neck halter for cattle'; P. galvā̃, galmā m. 'nape of a tunic'; WPah. khaś. glā̃ 'neck rope for cattle', Ku. gng. gayɔ̃, H. garā̃w f.
    2. P. galāvāṇ m. 'neck halter for cattle', H. garāwan m.

4077 *galapāṭaka 'neck surface'. [gala-², pāṭa-]
    Pa. galavāṭaka- 'bottom of the throat (?)'; Si. galavalu 'back part of neck'.

4079 galabandha 'neck-rope'. [gala-², bandhá-]
    L. (Shahpur) garmand 'neck-rope holding saddle on camel'; Bi. (Shahabad) garaũdhā 'horse's or bullock's halter', (Patna) galaudhī 'piece of cloth worn under chin and over the head'.

4080 *galabandhana 'neck-rope'. [gala-², bándhana-]
    Bi. garaũdhan 'horse's halter'.

4081 *galavibhēdana 'slit for neck'. [gala-², vibhēdana-]
    L. (Shahpur) galvīṇ f. 'slit for neck (in clothes)'.

4082 galastana 'nipple-like protuberance on neck', ajā-galastana- m. 'fleshy protuberance on goat's neck', galastanī-, galēs° f. 'she-goat' lex. [gala-², stána-]
    H. galathnā m. 'fleshy protuberance on goat's neck'.

4083 galahasta m. 'seizing by the throat' Kathās.
    2. galahastayati 'seizes by the throat' Hit. [gala-², hásta-]
    1. Pk. galatthalla- m. 'seizing by the neck'; Or. gaḷathā 'throttling'.
    2. Pk. galahatthia- 'driven out by the neck', galatthaï 'throws, drives out'; Or. gaḷathibā 'to push by the neck'.

galaugha- m. 'tumour in throat' Suśr. [gala-, aughá- ?]

4086 *galaughika 'having a swelling in the throat'. [galaugha-]
    Bshk. galṓī, gel° 'pigeon' AO xviii 234 with (?); Phal. gálū 'a blue bird which lives in the fields'; — Pk. gilōī-, °ōiyā- f. 'house lizard'; S. giloī f. 'a partic. kind of lizard'; L. gilāī f. 'long-tailed lizard'. — Very doubtful.

4164 gilana n. 'swallowing' Bhpr. [√*gal²]
    Pa. gilana- n., Pk. gilaṇa- n.; Paš. gilā́n m. 'mouth'.

4088 galyā f. 'multitude of throats' lex. [gala-²]
    K. gal f. 'throat, windpipe, neck'; Bi. Mth. gālī 'feeding channel of handmill'.

744 *avagāra 'swallowing'. 2. *avagāla-. [Cf. Pk. oggālaï 'chews the cud': √gr̥̄²]
    1. G. ɔgār n. 'residue of cattle fodder': semant. cf. ɔgaṭh < *avagrasta-.
    2. Pk. oggālira- 'chewing the cud'; G. ɔgāḷ m. 'chewing the cud, cud, quid'.

1952 *udgala 'spitting out'. [√gr̥̄²]
S. ug̠iro 'nauseous'; L. ogal, (Jukes) ug̠al m. 'chewing the cud'; M. ugaḷ f. 'chewed stuff spat out'.

*udgalati² 'spits out' see udgirati².

*udgāla-² 'spitting out' see udgāra-.

*udgālayati² 'spits out' see udgirati².

1957 udgāra m. 'spitting out' R., 'spittle' MBh. 2. *udgāla-². [√gr̥̄²]
    1. Pa. uggāra- m. 'vomiting, ejection'; Pk. uggāra- m. 'vomiting, belching'; Kal. úguri 'wooden trough into which flour falls from the mill', Kho. uguru; Ku. ugār, wag° 'chewing the cud'; A. ugār 'belch'; Or. ugāra 'vomiting, belching'; G. ugār m. 'escape', ugārɔ m. 'saving'; Si. ugura 'throat, gorge' (or < avagara-), ugurak 'a mouthful'.
    2. Pk. uggāla- m. 'vomiting, belching'; L. ugālī f. 'chewing the cud'; P. ugāl m. 'mouthful chewed and spat out'; WPah. bhal. ugā n. 'chewing the cud'; Ku. ugāl, wag° 'spittle, snake poison'; H. ugāl m. 'that which is spat out', M. ugāḷ m.
    dhūmōdgāra-.

1960 udgirati² 'spits out, ejects, discharges' MBh. 2. *udgilati. 3. *udgarati². 4. *udgalati². 5. *udgārayati². 6. *udgālayati². [√gr̥̄²]
    1. Pa. uggirati 'spits out'; Pk. uggirēi 'belches, vomits'; S. ug̠irāī f. 'belching' (or < 2); N. ugerā 'chewing the cud'.
    2. Pa. uggilati 'spits out'; Pk. uggilaï 'belches'; S. ug̠irāī f. (or < 1); H. ugilnā 'to vomit'; — N. caus. deriv. ugelnu 'to belch forth'.
    3. N. ugrāunu 'to chew the cud, be on heat (of cows)'; B. ugrāna 'to vomit, chew the cud'; OG. ūgaraï 'is saved', G. ugarvũ 'to escape'; — Ku. jugraṇo 'to chew the cud' (with unexplained j-).
    4. L. ugalaṇ, pres. part. uglēnda, (Jukes) ug̠laṇ; 'to chew the cud', awāṇ. ugluṇ, P. uggalṇā, °ulṇā 'to vomit, spring up, be discharged'; Ku. ugalṇo 'to vomit, belch out'; Mth. ugalab 'to vomit, spit out'; H. ugalnā 'to spit out, disgorge'; OMarw. ūgalaï 'vomits'; M. ugaḷṇẽ 'to spit out, vomit' (or < 6).
    5. S. ug̠āraṇu, og̠° 'to chew the cud' (or < 6); Ku. ugārṇo, wag° 'to chew the cud'; A. ugāriba 'to belch'; MB. ugār- 'to vomit' (replaced by B. ugrāna see 3); Or. ugāribā 'to vomit, belch'; OMth. ugāri 'vomits'.
    6. S. ug̠āṛaṇu, og̠° 'to chew the cud' (or < 5); P. ugālṇā 'to vomit', Or. ugāḷibā; H. ugālnā 'to vomit, chew the cud'; M. ugaḷṇẽ 'to spit out, vomit' (or < 4); — Ku. jugālṇo 'to chew the cud' (see 3).

2154 *upagirati 'swallows'. [Cf. upagilēt Suśr.: √gr̥̄²]
    Si. uranavā 'to imbibe, suck in', div u° 'to swear an oath'; or poss. < avagiratē.

  upagilati see *upagirati. [√gal²]

7163 nigalati 'swallows' Bhartr̥. 2. *nigilati. [√*gal²]
    1. Kho. (Lor.) neγlik 'to swallow up'; Ku. nelaṇo 'to swallow', gng. nyawãṛ̃ə, pp. neiã; — with MIA. anal. -gg-: K. nĕngalun 'to swallow', L. (Ju.) nig̠laṇ, P. nigalṇā, Ku. nĩgalṇo, nĩgaṇo, N. (West) niṅgalnu, H. nigalnā, nĩg°, OMarw. nīgalaï.
    2. Pa. niggilati 'swallows down'; P. nillṇā 'to eat to satiety'; N. nilnu 'to swallow', H. līlnā.

7164 nigalana n. 'swallowing' lex. [~nigaraṇa-. — √*gal²]
    K. nĕngalan m. 'act of swallowing'.

8475 *pragura 'chewing'. 2. *pragula-. [√gr̥̄²]
    With MIA. anal. -gg-: 1. N. pāgur 'chewing the cud'; Bi. pāgur, pagurī, H. pāgur m. — X *pragharati q.v.
    2. Or. pāguḷā, °ḷi 'chewing the cud'.

12189 *vyāgōlayati 'chews the cud'. [Caus. of *vyāgulati, cf. guratē 'chews' Dhātup. — √*gal²]
    Pk. vaggōlaï 'chews the cud', G. vagoḷvũ; M. vāguḷ f. 'chewing the cud'.f

GR̄˚² 'swallow': gará-¹, gará-², garaṇa-², garala-, giráti², gīrṇá-, gīrṇi-, *gīrti-; *avagara-, *avagāra-, avagiratē², *udgaraṇa-, *udgarati, udgāra-, *udgārayati, udgirati, *upagirati, nigara-, nigārá-, nigaraṇa-, *nigarayati, nigārayati, nigiraṇa-, *pragura-, *pragurati-; — grīvā́-; — √gal².

 4034 gará¹ 'swallowing' Pāṇ. [√gr̥̄²]
    Si. garā 'act of swallowing'. — See gala-².
    ajagará-.

148 ajagará m. 'boa constrictor' AV. [ajá-, gará-]
    Pa. Pk. ajagara- m., Pk. ayagara-, M. Ko. ār m.; Si. dāra- in dārakaravalā 'the snake Bungarus Ceylonicus', dārapolan̆gā 'a kind of viper' H. Smith JA 1950, 192.
    M. ā̆hār, ahīr 'boa constrictor', Ko. hāru perh. X *ahirūpa-.

4035 gará² m. 'any drink' ŚBr., n. 'poison' MBh. [√gr̥̄²]
    Pk. gara- m. 'a partic. poison'; G. gar m. 'poisonous fecal matter of some animals and birds'; M. gar m.n. 'poison', Si. gara.
    garala-.

4037 garaṇa² n. 'act of swallowing' lex. [√gr̥̄²]
    Wg. gərəṇá 'throat'.

4038 garala m. 'poison' MBh., 'snake-poison' lex. [gará-²]
    Pa. Pk. garala- n. 'poison, snake-poison', P. garal f., A. B. garal, Or. garaḷa, H. garal m., G. garal n. (← Sk. with l?); M. garaḷ f. 'snake-poison', garḷā m. 'juice of certain herbs and drugs obtained by rolling them in betel-leaf and chewing them', garḷī f. 'water or some crudity rising in the mouth'; Si. garala 'snake-poison'.

4160 giráti² 'swallows, eats' RV. [√gr̥̄²]
    Pk. giraï; S. g̠iraṇu 'to eat voraciously' (or < giláti: X grasati in g̠ihaṇu 'to swallow'). — P. deriv. garāṛ m.f. 'drunkard'. — See giláti.

4169 gīrṇá 'swallowed' RV. [√gr̥̄²]
    X grasta-: S. g̠ītho pp. of g̠ihaṇu see giráti.²

  gīrṇi- see *gīrti-.

4170 *gīrti 'swallowing'. [Cf. gīrṇi- f. lex. — √gr̥̄²]
    S. g̠ĭ̄ta f. 'swallowing, a swallow'.

740 *avagara 'swallowing'. [Cf. avagarat 'swallows' AV.: √gr̥̄²]
    Si. ugura 'throat' (or < udgāra-).

744 *avagāra 'swallowing'. 2. *avagāla-. [Cf. Pk. oggālaï 'chews the cud': √gr̥̄²]
    1. G. ɔgār n. 'residue of cattle fodder': semant. cf. ɔgaṭh < *avagrasta-.
    2. Pk. oggālira- 'chewing the cud'; G. ɔgāḷ m. 'chewing the cud, cud, quid'.

746 avagiratē 'swallows' Pāṇ., cf. subj. avagarat AV. 2. *avagilati. [√gr̥̄²]
    1. N. oiro 'over-eating'; Si. uranavā 'to imbibe, suck in' (more prob. < *upagirati).
    2. Pa. ōgilati 'swallows down'.

1950 *udgaraṇa 'spitting out'. [Cf. udgiraṇa- n. Suśr.: √gr̥̄²]
    Or. ugaraṇa 'vomiting'.

7160 nigara m. 'swallowing' W. [√gr̥̄²]
    P. nīrā m. 'fodder'. — See nigārá-.

7161 nigaraṇa n. 'eating' Śaṁk., or nigiraṇa- n. 'swallowing' Kathās. [√gr̥̄²]
    G. nīraṇ n. 'grass thrown to cattle as fodder'.

7162 *nigarayati 'makes swallow'. [Cf. nigārayati Pāṇ. — √gr̥̄²]
    H. nīrnā 'to provide with food'; G. nīrvũ 'to place grass before cattle as fodder'.

7166 nigārá m. 'swallowing' Pāṇ. [√gr̥̄²]
    H. niyār, nyār m. 'fodder for cattle'. — See nigara-.

nigārayati see *nigarayati.

nigiraṇa- see nigaraṇa-.

 8476 *pragurati 'chews'. [Cf. guratē 'chews' Dhātup. — √gr̥̄²]
    A. pāguliba 'to chew the cud', H. pāgurānā.

 4387 grīvā́ f. 'nape of neck' RV. [√gr̥̄²?]
    Pa. Pk. gīvā- f. 'neck'; Wg. girīw 'collar', grēw-aṭī́ 'collar-bone'; Kt. gŕək 'neck', Pr. gīk; Kal. rumb. gŕǟ 'neck, throat'; Sh. (Lor.) grĩ 'dewlap (of bull), collar (of coat)', bro. grī 'neck'; OB. gīva 'throat', MB. gĭ̄ma < *gīw̃a ODBL 305; Mth. gīm 'neck'; OAw. gīva, gīu f. 'neck, throat', OH gī˜w f., gīw m.; G. grīv f., Si. giva. — Poss. Kho. gri 'narrow pass' but see girí-.
    graivá-, graívya-; *grīvāṅkuṭa-, *grīvājyā-, *grīvābandha-.

 4388 *grīvāṅkuṭa 'neck-angle'. [grīvā́-, aṅkuṭa-]
    Kal. griṅgəŕ-aṭhī́ 'collar-bone'.

 4389 *grīvājyā 'neck string'. [grīvā́-, jyā́-²]
    M. gyāj̈ f. 'string of bells round neck of buffalo'.

 4390 *grīvābandha 'neck band'. [grīvā́-, bandhá-]
    Kho. (Lor.) girwan 'collar, coat-collar'.

 4394 graivá 'concerning the neck' Pāṇ., n. 'neck chain' Kālid. [grīvā́-]
    *graivakaṭa-.

4395 *graivakaṭa 'neck-ring'. [graivá-, káṭa-¹?]
    Dm. grēřī 'necklace'; Paš. weg. lǟäṛ, ar. liōṛ 'neckring'; Gaw. lēṛ-dāmeṭī́ 'collar-bone'.

4396 *graíviya-, graívya- 'relating to the neck' AV., graivēya-, °aka- m.n. 'elephant's neck chain' MBh. [grīvā́-]
    Pa. gīveyyaka- n. 'necklace' (X gīvā-), Pk. gēvijja-, °vejja-, °aya- n., Wg. grεi, Ash. glō; Kho. (Lor.) gərāi 'collar-bone, necklace'; Sh. jij. gⁱréi 'collar-bone'.
    *graiviyāṅka-.

4397 *graiviyāṅka 'necklace'. [*graíviya-, aṅká-]
    Kal. rumb. grēiṅga 'twisted silver necklace'.
    graivēya- see *graíviya-.
    graívya- see *graíviya-.

Turner

2680 kaṇṭhá m. (a) 'throat, neck' ŚBr. (b) 'narrowest part of a hole' Suśr. (c) 'voice' MBh., 'sound' W. (d) '*border, immediate proximity' Pañcat.
    [Mayrhofer EWA i 146 accepts connexion with Drav. (T. Burrow BSOAS xi 133) but considers both IA. and Drav. forms to have originated in Muṇḍa (Kuiper PMWS 29). This is supported by the many forms with a varying degree of phonet. similarity not referable to a common IA. original: see *gāṭṭa-¹, gā́tra-, *gicca-, *ghaṭṭā-, *ghaṇṭa-, ghāṭā-¹, *ghicca-¹, *ghiñca-, *ghēñca-, *ghēṇṭu-, *śraṭṭa-, kŕ̥kāṭikā-, kandhara-]
    (a) Pa. kaṇṭha- m. 'throat, neck'; Pk. kaṁṭha- m. 'neck'; Gy. pal. kand 'throat', Gaw. Sv. khaṇṭi; L. awāṇ. kadhlī 'neck-strap'; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭh m. 'collar of a shirt', kaṇṭhi f. 'sheep with a black neck'; Ku. gng. kānⁱ 'neck' or < skandhá-; Or. kaṇṭhā 'throat', H. poet. kā̃ṭhā m.; M. kā̃ṭhẽ n. 'neck'; Si. kaṭa 'throat, mouth' (X skandhá- in SigGr. kaṇḍa 'neck').
    (b) Wg. káṇṭä 'water-channel', Woṭ. kaṇṭḗl f., Gaw. khāṇṭΛ, Bshk. kāṇḍə.
    (c) Kt. kaṭī́ 'sound', Pr. (LSI) kuṭ; Paš.lauṛ. kāṇḍā 'voice, word', kuṛ. kāṇ 'shouting'; Gaw. khaṇṭ f. 'word'.
    (d) Pk. kaṁṭha- m. 'border, edge'; L. awāṇ. kaḍḍhā 'bank'; P. kaṇḍhā m. 'bank, shore', °ḍhī f. 'land bordering on a mountain'; WPah. cam. kaṇḍhā 'edge, border'; N. kānlo, kā̃llo 'boundary line of stones dividing two fields', kā̃ṭh 'outskirts of a town' ← a Mth. or H. dial.; H. kā̃ṭhā 'near'; OMarw. kāṭha m. (= kā̃°?) 'bank of a river'; G. kā̃ṭhɔ m. 'bank, coast, limit, margin of a well'; M. kāṭh, kā̃ṭh, °ṭhā m. 'coast, edge, border', kā̃ṭhẽ n. 'arable land near the edge of a hill.' — L. P. kaṇḍh f. 'wall' perh. infl. in meaning by kanthā-¹.
    kaṇṭhaka-; utkaṇṭhati, utkaṇṭhā-, utkaṇṭhita-; kaṇṭhamaṇi-.

2681 kaṇṭhaka m. 'necklace' Kathās., °ṭhikā- f. lex. [kaṇṭhá-]
    Pk. kaṁṭhiā- f., S. P. kaṇḍhī f.; B. kā̃ṭhī, °ṭī 'ring round the neck (of bird, snake &c.)'; Or. kaṇṭhā 'necklace', °ṭhi 'one-stringed necklace, horse's halter'; H. kaṇṭhā m. 'gold necklace' (→ P. kaṇṭhā m., S. kaṇṭho m. 'necklace'), kaṇṭhī f. 'small do.', poet. kā̃ṭhā m. 'red and blue ring round a parrot's throat'; OM. kāṁṭhā m. 'necklace'. — Ext. with -ll-: S. kaṇḍhilo m. 'a kind of necklace for children'; P. kaṇḍhlī f. 'necklace'; H. kaṇṭhlā, kaṭh° m. 'gold or silver necklace worn as an amulet against evil'.

2682 kaṇṭhamaṇi m. 'jewel worn on neck' lex. [kaṇṭhá-, máṇi-¹]
    Si. kaṭamina 'neck-jewel'.

1708 utkaṇṭha 'having the neck uplifted, longing for' Kālid. 2. utkaṇṭhā- f. 'longing for' MBh. [kaṇṭhá-]
    1. OG. ukāṁṭhaü 'repenting'.
    2. Pa. ukkaṇṭhā- f. 'desire'; Pk. ukkaṁṭhā- f. 'eagerness'; S. ukaṇḍha f. 'yearning after'; Si. ukaṭa 'dissatisfaction'.
    utkaṇṭhati, utkaṇṭhita-.

1709 utkaṇṭhati 'longs for, mourns' Dhātup. 2. utkaṇ- ṭhita- 'longing for, sorrowing for' R. [utkaṇṭha-]
    1. Pa. ukkaṇṭhati 'longs for'; Pk. ukkaṁṭhaṁta- 'being anxious'; S. ukaṇḍhijaṇu 'to long for'.
    2. Pa. ukkaṇṭhita- 'eager for, sorrowing for'; Pk. ukkaṁṭhiya- 'eager for'; Si. ukäṭi 'disappointed'.

4111 *gāṭṭa¹ 'neck, throat'. [Cf. ghāṭā-¹: see list s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    S. g̠āṭo m. 'nape of neck'; L. gāṭṭā m. 'neck, throat', (Ju.) g̠āṭā m. 'nape of neck', awāṇ. gāṭā; P. gāṭṭā m. 'neck, throat'; — S. g̠āṭru m. 'throat' < *gātra- but conn. with gā́tra- doubtful on semantic grounds.

4459 ghāṭā¹ f. 'nape of neck' Suśr., °ṭa- m. lex. 2. *ghaṭṭā-. [Morgenstierne EVP 27 compares Ir. *gart- in Psht. γāṛa 'neck', Pers. gardan. The semant. development in Psht. waz. γwōṛa 'neck, bank of river' suggests poss. connexion with ghaṭṭa-¹; but cf. *ghaṇṭa-, *gāṭṭa- and see list s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    1. Pa. ghāṭā- f. 'nape of neck' E. H. Johnston JRAS 1931, 582; Pk. ghāḍa- m. 'lower part of the skull'; Ash. geṛū́k, guṛik 'throat', Kt. gəŕék, Pr. gək, gəx, Dm. gə́ŕu NTS ii 257, vii 92; A. ghār 'nape of neck'; B. ghāṛ 'neck', Or. ghāṛa; Mth. ghāṛ 'back of neck' (< *ghāḍḍa- or ← H. B.? ABORI xxi 109); H. ghāṛ f. 'nape of neck'; Si. gela 'neck, throat'.
    2. H. ghāṭ f. 'nape of neck'.

*ghaṭṭā- 'neck' see ghāṭā-¹.

4154 *gicca 'neck'. [Cf. *ghicca-¹: see list s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    L. g̠iccī f. 'neck', awāṇ. giccī.

4420 *ghaṇṭa 'throat'. [Despite ghaṇṭikā- f. 'uvula' poss. < 'little bell', this is separate from ghaṇṭā- and belongs to the group listed s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    L. ghaṇḍī f. 'adam's apple', awāṇ. also 'soft palate'; P. ghaṇḍ m., °ḍī f. 'adam's apple'; A. ghãṭ 'protuberance on snout of crocodile'; H. ghā̃ṭī f. 'throat, adam's apple, uvula, soft palate' (→ N. ghā̃ṭi 'throat'); G. ghā̃ṭɔ m. 'throat', °ṭī f. 'adam's apple'; M. ghā̃ṭī f. 'throat, adam's apple, larynx'.

4472 *ghicca 'neck'. 2. *ghiñca-. 3. *ghēñcu-. [J. Bloch in letter 1946 < *ghṛtya- from Indo-ir. *ghart- 'neck' in ghāṭā- q.v., *ghaṇṭa-. But cf. *gicca- and list s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    1. N. ghicro 'nape of neck' (with ext. -ḍa-), H. ghīc m. 'lower or front part of neck'.
    2. Aw. lakh. ghī˜c 'neck', H. ghī˜c m. = ghīc ab.
    3. Bhoj. ghē̃cu 'neck'.

*ghiñca- 'neck' see *ghicca-.

4512 *ghēñcu- 'neck' see *ghicca-.

4513 *ghēṇṭu 'neck'. [*ghaṇṭa- X *ghēñcu- ? — See list s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    Aw. lakh. ghẽṭuwā 'neck'; H. ghẽṭ m. 'throat, neck'.

12675 *śraṭṭa 'throat, neck'. [Cf. similar ending of *gāṭṭa-¹: see list s.v. kaṇṭhá-]
    Sh.gil. ṣó̭ṭŭ m. 'throat, neck', pales. ṣōṭo 'neck', koh. ṣuṭə, jij. ṣöˊṭi 'neck or throat (?)'; K. hoṭᵘ m. 'throat'.

3419 kr̥kāṭikā f. 'joint of neck' Suśr., kŕ̥kāṭa- n. AV., °ṭaka- n. lex., kakā́ṭikā- f. 'a part of the skull' AV. [PMWS 29 groups -kāṭ-, prefixed by kr̥-, ka-, with kaṇṭhá- as Mu., and so separates from kr̥ka- 'throat, neck']
    Pk. kiāḍiā- f. 'upper part of neck', kiyāḍiyā- f. 'upper part of ear'; S. kiāṛī f. 'back of the head, the hair on it'; L. kīāṛī f. 'nape of neck'; P. kiāṛī f. 'nape of neck, back of head, jaw', adv. 'behind'; WPah. khaś. kiāṛī 'back of neck'; — ext. with -kk-: Wg. kirīk 'back of neck' and poss. Ash. kakeṛík 'throat' despite apparent survival of -k-.
    *upakr̥kāṭī-.

2730 kandhara m. 'neck' Yājñ. [A. Master BSOAS xii 352 ← Drav. cf. Tel. kandamu 'neck'; but see kaṇṭhá-]
    Pk. kaṁdharā- f.; OMth. kāndhara 'shoulder'; H. kānhar m. 'the wooden washer on inner end of the board on which the driver sits at an oil-press' shaped like a neck or shoulder: see illustration in BPL 48.

2147 *upakr̥kāṭī 'part near the back of the neck'. [kr̥kā- ṭikā-]
    G. oṛⁱ f. 'hinder part of the neck'?

பாலி அகராதி

(Pali)

1. Khala

Khala [cp. Sk. khala] 1. corn ready for threshing, the threshingfloor Nd² 587; Vism 120; DA i.203 (khalaṁ sodheti). — 2.threshing, mash, in ekamaṁsa — khalaṁ karoti "to reduce toone mash of flesh" D i.52=M i.377 (+maṁsa — puñja; DAi.160=maṁsa — rāsi).-agga the best corn for threshing DhA i.98; iv.98; -kālathe time for threshing DhA iv.98; -bhaṇḍ'agga the best agriculturalimplement for threshing DhA i.98; iv.98; -bhaṇḍakālathe time for the application of the latter DhA iv.98;-maṇḍala a threshing — floor Vism 123; DhA i.266 (°matta, as large as...).

1. Gala

Gala [*gel to devour, to swallow=Lat. gula, Ohg. kela, cp. Sk. gala jalukā, and *gṷel, as Gr. δέλεαρ, cp. also Sk. girati, gilatiDhtp 262 gives as meaning of gal "adana." This root gal alsooccurs at Vism 410 in fanciful def. of "puggala"; the meaninghere is not exactly sure (to cry, shout?)] the throat J i.216, 264,iii.26; iv.494: i.194 (a dewlap); PvA 11, 104.-agga the top of the throat Sdhp 379; -ajjhoharaniyaable to be swallowed (of solid food) Dhs 646, 740, 875; -ggaha taking by the throat, throttling D i.144 (+daṇḍapahāra);-nāḷī the larynx DhA i.253; ii.257; -ppamāṇa (adj.) going upto the neck J i.264 (āvāṭa); -pariyosāṇa forming the end ofthe throat J iii.126; -ppavedhaka (nt.) pain in the throat Mi.371; -mūla the bottom of the throat PvA 283. -vāṭaka thebottom (?) of the throat (oesophagus?) Vism 185, 258.Note. — gala with many other words containing a guttural+liquid element belongs to the onomatopoetic roots k̊l gl (k̊r gr), usually reduplicated (iterative), the main applicationsof which are the following:1. The (sounding) throat in designation of swallowing,mostly with a dark (guttural) vowel: gulp, belch, gargle, gurgle.2. The sound produced by the throat (voice) or sound ingeneral, particularly of noises or sounds either inarticulate,confused & indefinable or natural sounds striking enough perse to form a sufficient means of recognition (i. e. name) of theanimal which utters this sound (cuckoo, e. g.). To be dividedinto:A. palatal group ("light" sounds): squeak, yell, giggle,etc., applied to — (a) Animate Nature: the cackling, crowingnoise of Palmipeds & related birds, reminding of laughter(heron, hen, cock; cp. P. koñca, Lat. gallus) — (b) InanimateNature: the grinding, nibbling, trickling, dripping, fizzingnoises or sounds (P. galati, etc.).B. guttural group ("dark" sounds): groan, growl, howl,etc., appl^d to — (a) Animate N.: the snorting, grunting noise ofthe Pachyderms & related quadrupeds (elephant, op. P. koñca,kuñjara; pig, boar) — (b) Inanimate N.: the roaring, crashing,thundering noises (P. gaḷagaḷāyati, ghurughurāyati).3. The sound as indicating motion (produced by motion): A. palatal group ("sharp" sounds, characteristic of quickmotion: whizz, spin, whirl): P. gaggaraka whirlpool, Gr.κερκίς spindle, bobbin.B. guttural group ("dull" sounds, characteristic of slow andheavy motion: roll, thud, thunder). Sometimes with eliminationof the sound — element appl^d to swelling & fullness, asin "bulge" or Gr. σϕαραγέω (be full). These three categories are not always kept clearly separate,so that often a palatal group shifts into the sphere of aguttural one & vice versa. — The formation of k̊l gI̊rootsis by no means an extinct process, nor is it restricted to anyspecial branch of a linguistic family, as examples show. Themain roots of Idg. origin are the foll. which are all representedin Pāli — (the categories are marked acc. to the foregoingscheme 1, 2A, 2B, 3): kal (2A): κλάζω, clango, Goth. hlahjanlaugh; kār (2 A): κ¨ηρυς, Sk. kāru (cp. P. kitti), cārmen;kel (2 A): κέλαδος, calo (cp. P. kandati), Ohg. hellan; ker (2A^a): καρκαίρω, κόρκορος=querquedula=kakkara (partridge); kol (2 B): cuculus, kokila (a); kolāhala and halāhala (b); kor (2B^a): cornix (cp. P. kāka), corvus=crow=raven; Sk. krośati; P.koñca. — gṷel (1) Lat. gula, glutio, δέλεαρ; gṷer: (1) βόρος, βιβρώσκω, Lat. voro, Sk. girati, Ohg. querka; (3) βάραχρον(whirlpool) Sk. gargara: gel (1) Sk. gilati, Ohg. kela — gal (2 A): gallus (a) gloria (b); gar (2 A^b): γ¨ηρυς, garrulus, Ohg.kara: gel (2 A): ξελιδών (a) hirrio (to whine), Ohg. gellan (b): ger: (1) γαργαρίζω (gargle) Sk. gharghara (gurgling). (2 A^a) γέρανος = crane, Ger. krähen, Lat. gracillo (cackle); (2 B^a) Ohg. kerran (grunt), Sk. gṛṇāti (sing); (2 A^b) Sk. jarate (rustle); gur (2 Ba): γρύζω=grundio= grunt; Lat. gurgulio; Sk.ghurghura.With special reference to Pāli formations the foll. listshows a few sound roots which are further discussed in theDictionary s. v. Closely connected with Idg. k@l gI̊ is thePāli cerebral ṭ, tḥ, ḷ, ṇ, so that roots with these sounds haveto be classed in a mutual relation with the liquids. In mostcases graphic representation varies between both (cp. gala &gaḷa) — kil (kiṇ) (2 A^b): kikī (cp. Sk. kṛka°), kilikilāyati &kinkiṇāyati (tinkle), kili (click), kinkaṇika (bell); kur (2 B):ākurati to hawk, to be hoarse; khaṭ (1) khaṭakhaṭa (hawking),kākacchati (snore); (2 A^a) kukkuṭa (cock); gal (1) gala (throat)uggilati (vomit); (2 Ab) galati (trickle): (2 B^a) Pk. galagajjiya(roar) & guluguliya (bellow); (2 Bb) gaḷagaḷāyati (roar);gar (2 A); gaggara (roar & cackle, cp. Sk. gargara to 3); (2B); gaggarāyati (roar); (3) gaggaraka (whirlpool); ghar (1) Sk.gharghara (gurgling); (2 A^b) gharati (trickle), Sk. ghargharikā(bell); (2 Bb) ghurughurāyati (grunt). — See also kakaca,kanka, kankaṇa, cakora (cankora), cakkavaka, jagghati, ciṭiciṭāyati,taṭataṭayati, timingala, papphāsa.

Gilati [Vedic girati & gilati Dhtp 488: adane; cp. gala throat,Ohg. kela, E. gullet; see note on gala] to swallow, to devour:mā Rāhu gilī caraṁ antalikkhe S i.51=VvA 116; mā gilī lohagulaṁDh 371; — J iii.338; Miln 106. — pp. gilita: gilitabaḷisahaving swallowed the hook S iv.159. Cp. ud°, o°, pari°; —Caus. gilāpeti to make swallow J iii.338.

Gilana (nt.) [fr. gilati] devouring, swallowing Miln 101.

Uggāra [ud + gṛ or *gḷcircle; to swallow, see gala & gilati; lit.to swallow up] spitting out, vomiting, ejection Vism 54; DAI.41; KhA 61.

 Uggirati¹ [Sk. udgirati, ud + gṛ²; but BSk. udgirati in meaningto sing, chant, utter, formation fr. gṛ² instead of gṛ¹, pres. gṛṇāti; in giraṁ udgirati Jtm 31²⁶. — The by — form uggiratiis uggilati with interchange of ḷand ṛ, roots *gr̥& *gḷ, see gala& gilati] to vomit up ("swallow up") to spit out Ud 14 (uggiritvāna); DA I.41 (uggāraṁ uggiranto). Cp. BSk. prodgīrṇacast out Divy 589.

 Uggilati = uggirati¹, i. e. to spit out (opp. ogilati) M I.393; Siv.323; J III.529; Miln 5; PvA 283.

 Niggilati (niggalati) [Sk. nigirati, ni+gilati] to swallow down (opp. uggilati to spit out, throw up) J iv.392 (sic as v. l.; textniggalati).

 Ajagara [aja + gara = gala fr. *gel to devour, thus "goat-eater"] alarge snake (rock — snake?), Boa Constrictor J vi.507; Miln23, 303, 364, 406; DhA iii.60. Also as ajakara at J iii.484 (cp.Trenckner, Notes p. 64).

 Ogilati [o + gilati] to swallow down (opp. uggilati) M. i. 393 (inf.ogilituṁ) Miln 5 (id.).

 Gīvā (f.) [Sk. grīvā, to *gṷer to swallow, as signifying throat: seenote on gala for etym.] the neck Sn 609; J i.74 (°ṁ pasāreti tostretch forth), 167 (pasārita°), 207, 222, 265; iii.52; VvA 27(mayūra°), 157; DA i.296 (°āya kuṇḍa — daṇḍaka — bandhana,as exhibition & punishment): similarly in the sense of"life" (hinting at decapitation) J ii.300 (°ṁ karissāmi "I shallgo for his neck"); iv.431=v.23. — Syn. kaṇṭha the primarymeaning of which is neck, whereas gīvā orig. throat.

 Gīveyyaka (nt.) [cp. Sk. graiveyaka] necklace, an ornament forthe neck (orig. "something belonging to the neck," cp. necklet,bracelet, etc.) Vin i.287; A i.254 sq. (=Vism 247, wheregīveyya only); 257; iii.16; J iv.395 (gīveyya only); v.297; vi.590; VvA 104.

 Pali

Kaṇṭha [*qṷent from *qṷelt, primarily neck, cp. Lat. collus "theturner." Syn. with k. is gīvā, primarily throat, Brh. kaṇṭha] 1.throat A iv.131; J v.448; Miln 152 (kaṇṭho ākurati, is hoarse);PvA 280 (akkharāni mahatā kaṇṭhena uccaritāni). The throatof Petas is narrow and parched with thirst: PvA 99 (k — oṭṭha— tālūnaṁ tassita), 180 (sūci° like a needle's eye, cp. sūcicchidda.v. l. sūcikaṭṭha "whose bones are like needles"), 260(visukkha — k — ṭṭha — jivhā). — 2. neck Vin i.15; Dh 307(kāsāva°); Vv 6417 (expid at VvA 280 by gīvūpagasīsūpagādi— ābharaṇāni). Esp. in loc. kaṇṭhe round the neck, with ref.to var. things tied round, e. g. kuṇapaṁ k. āsattaṁ A iv.377;kuṇapaṁ k. baddhaṁ J i.5; k. mālā J i.166, 192; k. bandhantivaḍḍhanaṁ J iii.226; with the wreath of karavīra flowers (q.v.) on a criminal ready for execution: rattavaṇṇa — virala —mālāya bandhakaṇṭha PvA 4 (cp. AvŚ i.102; ii.182; karavīra— mālābaddha [sakta ii.182] — kaṇṭheguṇa).-kūpa the cavity of the throat Mhbv 137. -ja producedin the throat, i. e. guttural Sāsv 150. -suttaka an ornamentalstring or string of beads worn round the neck Vin ii.106.

Ukkaṇṭhati [fr. ud + kaṇṭh in secondary meaning of kaṇṭha neck,lit. to stretch one's neck for anything; i. e. long for, be hungryafter, etc.] to long for, to be dissatisfied,to fret J i.386 (°māna); iii.143 (°itvā); iv.3, 160; v.10(anukkhaṇṭhanto); DhsA 407; PvA 162 (mā ukkaṇṭhi, v. l.ukkaṇhi, so read for T. mā khuṇḍali). — pp. ukkaṇṭhita (q.v.). Cp. pari°.

Ukkaṇṭhanā (f.) [fr. ukkaṇṭhati] emotion, commotion D ii.239.

Ukkaṇṭhā (f.) [fr. ukkanṭḥ°] longing, desire; distress, regret Nett88; PvA 55 (spelt kkh), 60, 145, 152.Ukkaṇṭhi (f.) [fr. ukkanṭḥ°] longing, dissatisfaction ThA 239 (=arati).

Ukkaṇṭhikā (f.) [abstr. fr. ukkaṇṭhita] = ukkaṇṭhi, i. e. longing,state of distress, pain J iii.643.

Ukkaṇṭhita [pp. of ukkaṇṭhati] dissatisfied, regretting, longing,fretting J i.196; ii.92, 115; iii.185; Miln 281; DhA iv.66, 225;PvA 13 (an°), 55, 187.

சிங்களம்

1. Khala:

Kala, s. time, period; dancing girl; threshing floor; vinegar; good; kind of bird, Indian cuckoo; low or soft tone as chirping or buzzing; digit or one sixteenth of the moon's diameter; division of time equal to thirty káshht@ás or about eight seconds; part or portion; menstrual discharge; boat: fraud, deceit: goodness; dexterity; semen virile; Yama, the regent of death; crab; woman; poison; mould, matrix.

 Kalavit@a, s. threshing floor, place where the paddy is trodden  out of the  ear by the bnllocks.

1. Gala:

Gala, s. stone, rock; throat, neck; rope; kind of resin; sort of reed, saccharum cylindricum: musical instrument; kind of fish, sort of gilt head, pl. gal.

 Galakad@a, s. flesh that hangs  from  the throat of oxen which laps  or licks the dew in grazing, hence called the dew-lap,

 Galagan@d@a, s. inflammation, enlargement of the glands of the neck.

 Galagrahaya, s. (throat, graha seizure) act of seizing by the throat; disease, inflammation of the glands of the neck; sauce of fish ground up with salt, pepper, ghee &c.

 Galamékhalá, s. (neck, girdle) necklace.

 Galare@w, s. (throat, sound) cock; pigeon; sound, noise, sounds from the throat of animals, in contradistinction to other sounds.

 Galawalu, s. back part of the neck; head of the humerus.

 Galinawá, v. to swallow, pret. ge@llá.

 Ugura, s. throat, pl. uguru.

 Uguru-e@t@aya, s. Adam’s apple, or the prominent part of the throat.

 Uguru-dan@d@a, s. wind pipe.

 Gará, s. swallowing. [Colloq. gilíma.]

 Gara, s. sickness disease; poison; house; antidote; sprinkling wetting.

 Gilu, a. swallowed.

 Giluna, s. that which has been swallowed, sunk as in water or mud.

 Gilenawá, v. to be swallowed up or absorbed to sink: pret, giluná.

 Giw, Elu form of gríwa which see.

 Gríwaya, s. neck, [Colloq. bella]; back part of the neck, nape; debt.

 Gríwaráwa, s. (throat, sound) hoarseness, speaking in the throat.

 Gríwábharan@a, s. (gríwa neck, ábharan@a ornament) neck ornament.

(C)

Kat@a, s. fuel, throat, corpse; thin piece of wood; plank; mouth.

Kat@apurá, a. mouthful.

Kat@amin@a, a. neck-jewel.

Kat@ame@n, s. neck gem of Vishn@u; neck-gem in general, (s@aha kat@ame@n@a sapunmen, Sidatsangará).

Gela, s. neck, throat.

Gelemutu, s. necklace of pearls.

Kan@t@ha, s. throat; sound, especially guttural sound; rope to tie round the neck of a horse; small tree, vangueria spinosa.

Kan@t@hapás@a, s. rope passing round an elephant’s neck.

Kan@t@ha-bhúshá, s. collar or short necklace, ornament for the neck.

Kan@t@haman@i, Kan@t@hamán@ikyaya, s. and (gem) jewel worn on the throat, reckoned by the natives to be one of very great value and supposed to be found in the throat of the cobra capella.

மேலை இந்தோ-ஐரோப்பியத்தில் தமிழின் ’களம்-கல்(கூட்டம்)’

களம்-கல்(கூட்டம்)-Collar

COLLAR (n.)

(Skeat) collar, something worn round the neck. (F., —L.) M.E. coler, later coller; Rob. of Glouc. p. 223; P. Plowman, B. prol. 162, 169. —O. F. colier, later collier, a collar; see cotgrave. - Lat. collare, a band for the neck, collar. —Lat. collum, the neck; cognate with Goth. hals, G. hals, A.S. heals, the neck. — √ΚΑΙ, for KAR, to bend; Fick, i. 529. Der. collar-bone; from the same source is coll-et (F. collet), the part of a ring in which the stone is set, lit. a little neck. See collet.

(Chambers) collar n. About 1300 coler neck piece in armor, borrowed from Old French coler, from Latin collāre band for the neck, collar, from collum neck. The Latin word is cognate with Old English heals neck, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German, Old Icelandic, and Gothic hals, from Indo-European *kwolsom, Lithuanian kãklas neck (as "that which turns"), Greek kýklos cycle, wheel; see wheel.

By gradual approximation to the Latin form collāre, Middle English coler changed to modern English collar.

-v. Before 1555, seize a person's collar or neck; from the noun. The generalized sense "to take hold of, seize" is first recorded about 1700. -collar bone (perhaps 1500)

(John Ayto) collar [13] Etymologically, a collar is simply something worn round one’s ‘neck’. The word comes via Anglo-Norman coler from Latin collāre, which meant ‘necklace’ as well as ‘part of a garment that encircles the neck’ (both senses have come through into English, although the latter has predominated). Collāre was a derivative of collum ‘neck’, which came from an

earlier base *kols- that also produced German and Swedish hals ‘neck’. It has been speculated that it goes back ultimately to Indo-European *qwelo- ‘go round’, the root from which we get English wheel – the underlying notion being that the neck is that on which the head turns. ® décolleté, hauberk, wheel

(Onions) collar band, etc. worn round the neck xiii (Cursor M.); various techn. Uses ('ring', 'band') from xvii. ME. coler- AN. coler, OF. colier (mod. collier) = Pr. colar, Sp. collar, It. collare :- L. collāre, f. collum neck :- *kols- (cf. hawse); see -ar¹. The sp. was early assim. to the L. Hence collared wearing a collar xiv; (culin.) rolled up and tied with a string, pressed into a roll xvii. collar vb. Lay hold on (first in wrestling) xvi; put a collar on xvii.

(American Heritage) col·lar n. 1. The part of a garment that encircles the neck. 2. A necklace. 3. a. A restraining or identifying band of leather, metal, or plastic put around the neck of an animal. b. The cushioned part of a harness that presses against the shoulders of a draft animal. 4. Biology. An encircling structure or bandlike marking, as around the neck of an animal, suggestive of a collar. 5. Any of various ring like devices used to limit, guide, or secure a machine part. 6. Slang. An arrest, as of a criminal. — v. tr. col·lared, col·lar·ing, col·lars. 1. To furnish with a collar. 2. Slang. a. To seize or detain. b. To arrest (a criminal, for example). [Middle English coler, from Old French colier, from Latin coll7re, from collum, neck. See k^wel-¹ in Appendix.] —col lared adj.

(OED) Collar

Variant forms

Middle English–1500s coler, Middle English–1600s coller, Middle English–1500s colar, Middle English– collar; also Middle English colere, Middle English coleer, collere, (colyer), 1500s collare, (choller, 1600s choler, couller, collor, colour).

Etymon: French coler.

Middle English coler, < Anglo-Norman coler = Old French colier (later collier) = Provençal colar, Spanish collar, Italian collare < Latin collāre, < collum neck: see ‑ar suffix1 2. By successive approximations to the Latin, coler has become collar.

I.Something worn about the neck.

I.1. The part of a garment which encircles the neck, or forms the upper border near the neck; the neckband of a coat, cloak, dress, shirt, etc., either standing up round the neck, or folded over upon the garment; also a separate article of attire worn round the neck; now particularly applied to the band (often separate) of linen, muslin, lace, etc., which, in various shapes, is worn as an ornament or finish to the upper part of the ordinary dress of men and women.

I.2. A piece of armour protecting the neck; the neck-piece of a hauberk or similar piece of armour.

I.3. † 

I.3.a. An ornamental band or chain worn round the neck for ornament, or as a badge of office or livery; also, a necklace. Obsolete in general sense.

I.3.b. spec. The ornamental chain which forms part of the insignia of orders of knighthood.

I.3.c. Collar of SS., S's, or Esses: an ornamental chain consisting of a series of S's either joined together side by side or fastened in a row upon a band or ribbon; originally worn as a badge by the adherents of the House of Lancaster.

I.4. A band put round the neck of a dog or other animal, as a means of control or identification, or for ornament; also transferred.

I.5.a. A band of iron or other metal fixed round the neck of prisoners, worn as a badge of servitude, etc.

I.5.b. figurative. An arrest; so †to put the collar on, to arrest. Cf. sense I.8. U.S. Criminals' and Police slang.

I.6. A leather-covered roll made to fit over the lower part of the neck of a horse or other draught animal, forming that part of the harness through which the power of drawing is directly exerted; with qualification, as breast collar, the term is extended to parts of the harness serving the same purpose, but not fitted round the neck.

I.7. † A shoulder-belt fitted with little loops, in which cartridges were suspended; a bandoleer n. in the earlier sense. Obsolete.

I.8.a. figurative (from 4–6.) Also phrases: †to slip (the) collar: to escape from restraint; to draw back from a task or undertaking: also †to shrink collar. out of (or in) collar: out of (or in) work or regular employment. against the collar: entailing continuous exertion or hard strain, as when a horse presses against the collar in pulling a heavy load or in going up a hill (cf. sense I.6); cf. collar-work n. to feel (someone's) collar: to arrest; frequently passive, to have one's collar felt (Criminals' slang).

I.8.b. In the following some commentators take it as ‘the hangman's halter’, comparing 2 Henry IV V. v. 86: but?

I.9. † The collarbone. Obsolete. rare.

1. Transferred and technical senses.

II.10. An encompassing and restraining band or strap.

II.11.a. Mechanics. A ring, circle, flange, or perforated disk, surrounding a rod, shaft, pipe, etc., for restraining lateral motion; forming a steam-tight or watertight joint, and the like; a short piece of pipe serving as a connection between two pipes, etc.

II.11.b. Turning. ‘A ring inserted in the puppet for holding the end of the mandril next the chuck’ (Weale Dict. Terms).

II.11.c. Coining. A metal ring which encloses the blank or planchet, and serves to prevent it from spreading when stamped, as well as to impress the milling (or, if required, a legend) on its edge.

II.12. Nautical (a) ‘A rope formed into a wreath, with a heart or dead-eye seized in the bight, to which the stay is confined at the lower part’; (b) ‘an eye in the end or bight of a shroud or stay to go over the mast-head’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.); (c) (see quot. 1753).

II.13. Of a plough (see quot. 1753).

II.14. Mining. The timbering round a shaft's mouth.

II.15. Architecture.

II.15.a. = collarino n.

II.15.b. Short for collar-beam n.

II.16. Angling. An arrangement by which several artificial flies are attached to one line in fly-fishing.

II.17. Zoology.

II.17.a. A band of a distinct colour or texture round the neck of an animal.

II.17.b. In Insects: The pro-thorax which bears the first pair of legs; sometimes limited to the posterior part of this when it forms a ring-like anterior border to the meso-thorax, as in Hymenoptera.

II.17.c. In Molluscs: A thickened muscular and glandular border of the mantle.

II.17.d. A rim surrounding the flagellum or cilium of the cell in various lower animal forms.

II.18. Botany.

II.18.a. ‘The ring upon the stipe of an agaric.’

II.18.b. ‘The point of junction between the radicle and the plumule’ (Treasury Bot.).

II.18.c. The area of junction between the stem and root of a tree. Also attributive.

II.19. Cookery.

II.19.a. † The neck-piece (of brawn). Obsolete.

II.19.b. A piece of meat (esp. brawn), a fish, etc., tied up in a roll or coil.

II.19.c. † A roll or bundle. Obsolete.

II.19.d. The head of foam on a glass of beer.

II.20. Wrestling. A manœuvre in which the opponent is tackled by the neck; cf. collar v. 3.

(Online Etymology) collar (n.) c. 1300, coler, coller, "neck armor, gorget, something worn about the neck," from Old French coler "neck, collar" (12c., Modern French collier), from Latin collare "necklace, band or chain for the neck," from collum "the neck," from PIE *kwol-o- "neck" (source also of Old Norse and Middle Dutch hals "neck"), literally "that on which the head turns," from root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round."

collar - கலைச்சொற்கள்

depth control collar - ஆழக்கட்டுப்பாட்டுக் காப்பு; collar cell – காறைக்கலம்; collar coelom - கழுத்துப் பட்டைக் குழி; collaret - சிறு-கழுத்துப்பட்டி; blue collar worker – கைத்தொழிலாளி; brush collar – தூரிகைப்பட்டி; collar bone – காறையெலும்பு; collar clamp - வளை இறுக்கி; collared scops owl - கழுத்துப்பட்டை ஆந்தை; collar friction - சூழ்பட்டை உராய்வு; boring collar – குடைபட்டிகை.

 அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

arbor collar - சுழல் தண்டு பட்டை.

அறிவியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி: (1997)

toby-collar - குச்சுநாய்க் கழுத்துப்பட்டை, குச்சநாய்க் கழுத்துமயிர் தொங்கற்பட்டை போன்ற கழுத்தணி வகை; horse-collar - குதிரையின் கழுத்துவார்; collar-beam - சாய்வான இரண்டு உத்தரக்கைகளை இணைக்கும் விட்டம்; collar-work - கடினமான மேட்டு ஏற்றம், மிகக் கடுமையான உழைப்பு; white-collar worker - உடலுழைப்பற்ற தொழிலாளி, மேசையடித் தொழிலர்; stop-collar - தடைக்கட்டு வளையம், இயந்திர உருளையின் இயக்கத்தை எல்லைப்படுத்திக் காக்கும் தடையமைவு; dog-collar - நாயின் கழுத்துப்பட்டை, கோயில் அதிகாரியின் கழுத்துப்பட்டை, பெண்ணின் விறைப்பான கழுத்துப்பட்டை, பெண்டிர் கழுத்தணி; collar-bone - காறையெலும்பு, சவடியெலும்பு.

ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

cervical collar - கழுத்துப் பட்டை; collar stud abscess - இருதலைச் சீழ்க்கட்டி; blue - collar workers – நீலச்சட்டைப்பணியாளர்; white collar crime - வெள்ளைச்சட்டைக் குற்றம்; white - collar worker - வெண்ணுடை ஊழியர்; white collar job - அறிவு உழைப்பாளர் பணி, அறிவுவாணர் பணி; dog collar - நாயின் கழுத்துப்பட்டை; elizabethan collar - எலிசபெத்து கழுத்துப்பட்டி; combination collar - சேர்க்கை பட்டைவளையம்; angle collar – கோணப்பட்டை; floor collar - நீர்தடுப்புக்குழாய் கட்டுமானம்; anchor and collar - கூர்பிடி, கதவுக்கொக்கி; flotation collar - வான்கல மிதவைப்பை; drill collar - துரப்பண வளையம்; collar beam - குறுக்கு விட்டம்; collar bearing - வளையத் தாங்கி; collar rot - கழுத்தழுகல் நோய்; turtle neck collar - கடலாமைக் கழுத்துப் பட்டை; stand & full collar - மடியாநிலைக் கழுத்துப்பட்டை; stand collar - மடியாக் கழுத்துப்பட்டை; under collar cloth - கழுத்துப்பட்டை அடித் துணி; non convertible collar - மாற்றிடயியலாத கழுத்துப்பட்டை; collar board - கழுத்துப்பட்டை அட்டை; sailor collar - மாலுமி கழுத்துப்பட்டை; stand and full roll collar - மடியா உருள் கழுத்துப்பட்டை; pointed collar - கூர்ங் கழுத்துப்பட்டை; tie collar - முடிச்சுக் கழுத்துப்பட்டை; grown on collar - முழுக் கழுத்துப் பட்டை; collar beam truss - இணைப்பு விட்ட தூலக்கட்டு.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 10

 COLLAR-BONE (n.)

(Skeat) See collar

(Chambers) See collar

(American Heritage) col·lar·bone n. See clavicle (n., sense 1).

(OED) collar-bone 

Variant forms

See collar n. and bone n.1

Etymology: < collar n. + bone n.1

Each of the two bones that extend from the breastbone to the shoulder blade, forming part of the pectoral arch; the clavicle.

(Online Etymology) collar-bone (n.) also collarbone, "clavicle," c. 1500, from collar (n.) + bone (n.).

COLLET (n.)

(Skeat) collet, the part of the ring in which the stone is set. (F., —L.) Used by Cowley, Upon the Blessed Virgin (R.) It also means a collar. —F. collet, a collar, neck-piece. —F. col, the neck ; with suffix -et -Lat. collum, the neck. See collar.

(Onions) collet band, ring, collar; in jewellery, circle or flange in a ring, setting of a stone xvi; †neck of glass left on the end of a blowing-iron (cf. cullet) xvii. - (O)F. collet, dim. of col:- L. collum (see collar). The sense in glass-blowing is prob. - It. colletto.

(American Heritage) col·let n. 1. A cone-shaped sleeve used for holding circular or rodlike pieces in a lathe or other machine. 2. A metal collar used in watchmaking to join one end of a balance spring to the balance staff. 3. A circular flange or rim, as in a ring, into which a gem is set. [French, diminutive of col, collar, from Latin collum, neck. See k^wel-¹ in Appendix.]

(OED) Collet

Variant forms

Also 1500s–1600s colet(t, collat(t, -ett.

Etymons: French collet; Italian colletto.

< French collet, diminutive of col neck < Latin collum. In sense 4 probably directly < Italian colletto.

1. † The neckband of a garment; a collar or band worn round the neck; a necklet. Obsolete.

2.a. An encompassing band or ring; in various technical uses, as, a ring, collar, or flange on a rod or spindle, a circular metal lining to a hole, a circular ferrule or socket, etc. Cf. collar n. II.11. Also attributive.

2.b. spec. A piece of ivory inserted between the upper and lower part of the handle of a metal teapot, etc., to intercept the heat.

3.a. Jewellery. The circle or flange in a ring in which the stone is set; also the setting for a precious stone in a piece of jewellery.

3.b. figurative.

4. † Glass-blowing. The neck or portion of glass left on the end of the blowing-iron after the removal of the finished article. Obsolete. Hence culletn.
5. Gunnery. (See quot. 1823.)
6. Botany. The point where the stem and the root of a plant are united; the collar.

(Online Etymology) collet (n.) 1520s, in jewelery, "the ring or flange in which a jewel or group of jewels is set," from French collet "little collar" (13c.), diminutive of col "neck," from Latin collum "neck" (see collar (n.)). Meaning "a band or collar" is from 1560s.

collect - கலைச்சொற்கள்

"spring collet - "வில் சுருள் கவ்வி; collet tube - காலட் குழாய்.

அறிவியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி: (1997)

CUDDLE (v.)

(Skeat) cuddle, to embrace closely, fondle. (E.) Rare in books. R. quotes: ‘They cuddled close all night;’ Somervile, Fab. 11. Clearly a corruption of couth-le, to be frequently familiar, a frequentative verb formed with the suffix -le from the M. E. couth, well known, familiar. The M.E. verb kuþþen (equivalent to couthen) with the sense ‘to cuddle,’ occurs in Will. of Palerne, ed. Skeat, 1. 1101. ‘Than either hent other hastely in armes, And with kene kosses kuþþed hem togidere’ =then they quickly took each the other in their arms, and with keen kisses cuddled themselves together, or embraced. The same poem shews numerous instances of the change of th to d in the M. E. cuð, i.e. couth, signifying well-known, familiar, as opposed to uncouth. Thus kud for cuð occurs in ll. 51, 114, 501, &c. See numerous examples of couth, familiar, in Jamie-son’s Scottish Dict. This adj. couth was originally a pp. signifying known, well-known. —A.S. cúð, known, familiar; used as pp. of cunnan, to know; cf. Icel. kúðr, old form of kunnr, familiar; Goth. kunths, known, pp. of kunnan, to know. Β. Hence the development of the word is as follows. From cunnan, to know, we have cúð, couth, kud or cud, known, familiar; and hence again couthle or cuddle, to be often familiar. This solution of the word, certainly a correct one, is due to Mr. Cockayne; see Cockayne’s Spoon and Sparrow, p. 26. Cf. also Lowland Scot. cutle, cuitle, to wheedle (Jamieson); Lancash. cutter, to fondle (Halliwell); Du. kudde, a flock, 1 Pet. v. 2; O. Du. cudden, to come together, flock together (Oudemans).

(Chambers) cuddle v. About 1520 cudle, implied in cudlyng in a song but not found again until 1719; apparently a dialectal word of nursery or baby-talk origin. -cuddlesome adj. 1876, formed from English cuddle + -some¹. -cuddly adj. 1863, in Charles Kingsley's The Water-Babies, formed from English cuddle + -y².

(Onions) cuddle fondle in close embrace. xviii. Of dial. origin; perh. f. dial. couth comfortable, snug+ -le²; cf. fondle (f. fond). But cf. †cull (xvi) fondle, var. of †coll (xiv) aphetic- OF. acoler embrace (see accolade).

(American Heritage) cud·dle v. cud·dled, cud·dling, cud·dles. — v. tr. To fondle in the arms; hug tenderly. See Synonyms at caress. — v. intr. To nestle; snuggle. — n. The act of cuddling; a hug or embrace. [Origin unknown.] —cudʹdle·some adj. —cudʹdly adj.

(OED) cuddle

A dialectal or nursery word of uncertain derivation.

1.a. transitive. To press or draw close within the arms, so as to make warm and ‘cosy’; to hug or embrace affectionately, to fondle; also absol.

1.b. to cuddle up: to arrange comfortably.

1.c. to cuddle out of: to coax or wheedle out of.

2.a. intransitive. To lie close and snug; to nestle in to another person, to cling close together for warmth or comfort. (Often with extension; see quots.)

2.b. To curl oneself up in going to sleep; hence, to lie down to sleep. (Also reflexive.)

2.c. figurative.

(Online Etymology) cuddle (v.) "hug, embrace so as to keep warm; lie close or snug," 1520s (implied in cudlyng), of uncertain origin. OED calls it "A dialectal or nursery word." Perhaps a variant or frequentative form of obsolete cull, coll "to embrace" (see collar (n.)); or perhaps from Middle English *couthelen, from couth "known," hence "comfortable with." It has a spotty early history and seems to have been a nursery word at first. Related: Cuddled; cuddling. As a noun, "a hug, an embrace," by 1825.

DECOLLATION (n.)

(Skeat) decollation, a beheading. (F., —L.) ‘The feaste of the decollacion of seynt Johne Baptiste; Fabyan, an. 1349-50; also in Trevisa, v. 49.—O.F. decollation, ‘a beheading: decollation sainct Jean, an holyday kept the 29 of August;’ Cot. —Low Lat. decollationem, acc. of decollatio, —Lat. decollatus, pp. of decollare, to behead. -Lat. de, away from; and collum, the neck. See collar. Der. Hence the verb decollate, used by Burke, Introd. to On the Sublime.

(Onions) decollation beheading (spec. of St. John Baptist). xiv. - (O)F. décollation or late L. dēcollātiō(n-), f. dēcollāre behead, f. dē DE- 6+collum neck; see collar, -ation.

(American Heritage) de·col·late1 v. tr. de·col·lat·ed, de·col·lat·ing, de·col·lates. To behead. [Latin dēcollāre, dēcollāt- : dē-, de- + collum, neck; see k^wel-¹ in Appendix.] —deʹcol·laʹtion n.

(OED) decollation

Etymon: French décollation.

< French décollation (13th cent. in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), < Latin dēcollātiōn-em, noun of action < dēcollāre: see decollate v.1

1. The action of decollating or beheading; the fact of being beheaded; spec.in Obstetrics, severance of the head from the body of a fœtus.
2. Conchology. The truncating or truncated condition of a spiral shell: see decollatedadj.2.

(Online Etymology) decollation (n.) "act of beheading," late 14c., decollacioun, from Old French decollacion, from Latin decollationem (nominative decollatio) "a beheading," noun of action from past-participle stem of decollare "to behead," from de "off, away" (see de-) + collum "neck" (see collar (n.)). In modern use, in surgery, "removal of the head of the child in cases of difficult birth." Related: Decollate; decollated; decollator.

 DOG-COLLAR (n.)

(American Heritage) dog collar (dôg kŏlʹәr) n. 1. A collar for a dog. 2. Informal. A clerical collar. 3. A choker: a duchess resplendent in ermine robes, a tiara, and a diamond dog collar.

(OED) dog-collar 

Variant forms

See dog n.1 and collar n.

Etymology: < dog n.1 + collar n.

noun

1. A leather band or collar for a dog's neck; = collarn.I.4
2. In extended use: a close-fitting collar worn by a person.

2.a. A stiff upright white collar which fastens at the back, worn by the clergy in some churches; a clerical collar.

2.b. A woman's necklace, a broad choker typically made of multiple strands of pearls, gems, or beads. historical.

adjective

(attributive and appositive).

That resembles a dog's collar.

(Online Etymology) dog-collar (n.) "collar made for a dog," 1520s, from dog (n.) + collar (n.).

HAWSE (n.)

(Chambers) hawse (hôz) n. part of a ship's bow. 1336-37 hals; earlier, neck (1137); developed from Old English hals, heals prow of a ship, neck; cognate with Old Icelandic hals hawse, (literally, neck); see collar. The form hawse is a phonetic respelling of the late 1500's, paralleling crawl, small; see also haul.

(Onions) hawse (naut.) part of the bows of a ship xiv (Sandahl); space about the stem of a vessel, situation of cables there xvi. Early form halse (in AL. halsa xiv), prob. -ON. háls neck, ship's bow, front sheet of a sail, rope's end (= OE. heals neck, prow; cf. collar).

(American Heritage) hawse (hôz) n. Nautical. 1. The part of a ship where the hawseholes are located. 2. A hawsehole. 3. The space between the bows and anchors of an anchored ship. 4. The arrangement of a ship’s anchor cables when both starboard and port anchors are secured. [Middle English hals, forward curve of a strake, probably from Old Norse hāls, neck, ship’s bow. See k^wel-¹ in Appendix.]

(OED) hawse

Variant forms

Middle English–1600s halse, 1500s haulse, 1600s hause ( houlse, 1700s harse), 1500s– hawse.

A phonetic spelling of 16th cent. halse, haulse, apparently < Old Norse háls neck (compare halse n.1), figurative part of the forecastle or bow of a ship or boat, also, the front sheet or tack of a sail, the end of a rope, etc.

Nautical.

1. That part of the bows of a ship in which the hawse-holes are cut for the cables to pass through; hence, sometimes, in plural, the hawse-holes themselves.
2. † A cable, a hawser. Obsolete.
3. The space between the head of a vessel at anchor and the anchors, or a little beyond the anchors, esp.in athwart (†thwart) the hawse(cf. athwart-hawse adj.), to cross the hawse, etc. Also figurative.
4. (a) ‘The situation of the cables before the ship's stem, when she is moored with two anchors out from forward, one on the starboard, and the other on the port bow’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.1867).(b) clear hawse, when both cables lead directly (without crossing) to their respective anchors. hawse foul, open hawse (see quots.). †full hawse, with all the cable run out (obsolete). to clear the hawse, fresh (freshen) the hawse (see quots.). hawse cross, hawse elbow, round turn in the hawse (see quot. 1881, and elbow n. 2e).

(Online Etymology) hawse (n.) "part of a ship's bow containing the hawse-holes," late 15c., from Old English or Old Norse hals "part of a ship's prow," literally "neck," from Proto-Germanic *h(w)alsaz, the general Germanic word (source also of Gothic, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, German hals), cognate with Latin collum (see collar (n.)), from PIE root from PIE root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." Respelled with -aw- 16c.

hawse - கலைச்சொற்கள்

hawse-hole - கப்பலின் நங்கூரக் கம்பிவடத் துளை.

- ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

hawse bolster - நங்கூர கட்டுவளையம்.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 3

HORSE-COLLAR (n.)

(OED) horse-collar 

Variant forms

α. See horse n. and collar n.

β. late Middle English horsys colere, 1700s– horse's collar

Etymons: horse n., collar n.

In α forms < horse n. + collar n.

In β forms < the genitive of horse n. + collar n.

The collar of a horse.

(Online Etymology) horse-collar (n.) mid-15c., from horse (n.) + collar (n.).

NECK (n.)

(Skeat) neck, the part of the body joining the head to the trunk. (E.) M.E. nekke (dissyllabic), Chaucer, C. T. 5859. —A.S. hnecca, Deut. xxviii. 35. + Du. nek, the nape of the neck. + Icel. hnakki, the nape of the neck, back of the head. + Dan. nakke, the same. + Swed. nacke, the same. + G. nacken, O.H.G. hnach, the same. β. Frequently derived from A.S. hnίgan, to bend, which is impossible; we cannot derive k from g. The evidence shews that the orig. sense is rather the ‘nape of the neck,’ or back of the head; and neck and nape are nearly parallel forms with much the same sense. Just as nape is a mere variant of knop, so neck is allied to knag, knuck-le. Cf. Norweg. nakk, a knoll, nakke, nape, neck; G. knocken, a knot, knag. The O. Du. knoke, ‘the knobb or knot of a tree’ (Hexham), explains both E. knuckle and F. nuque, the nape of the neck. See knuckle. Der. neck-cloth, neckerchief (for neck-kerchief, see kerchief), neck-band, neck-tie; neck-lace, Winter's Tale, iv. 4. 244, compounded of neck and lace; neck-verse, Tyndall’s Works, p. 112, col. 1, on which see my note to P. Plowman, C. xv. 129.

(Chambers) neck n. Probably about 1225 nekke; later necke (about 1250); developed from Old English hnecca neck, back of the neck (before 899, in Alfred's translation of St. Gregory's Pastoral Care). Old English hnecca is cognate with Old Frisian hnekka neck, back of the neck, Middle Low German and Middle Dutch necke (modern Dutch nek), from Proto-Germanic *Hnekkōn, earlier *kneknṓn; also cognate with Old High German hnac neck (modern German Nacken neck, Genick nape), and Old Icelandic hnakki, hnakkr neck, nape (Danish nakke, Swedish nacke), from Indo-European *knek-/knok-. Cognates outside Germanic include Old Irish cnocc hill, Welsh cnwch joint, protuberance, Old Breton cnoch, and Tocharian A k'ñuk back of the neck, from Indo-European kneuk-/knuk- (Pok. 558, 559).

-v. Slang. hug, caress. 1825, originally northern English dialect, to clasp around the neck, fondle; from the noun.

-neckerchief n. About 1384, neckercheuys, in the Wycliffe Bible; later nekkyrchefe (1483); formed from Middle English nekke neck + koverchief kerchief. -necklace n. About 1590, formed from English neck + lace cord, string. -neckline n. 1672, narrow part of a bastion; 1904, line around the neck where a garment ends. -necktie n. 1838, formed from English neck + tie ornamental knot or bow, necktie.

(John Ayto) neck [OE] Neck originally meant only the ‘back or nape of the neck’ (that is what its modern German relative nacken denotes, and in Old English times the usual word for ‘neck’ in general was heals). It seems to go back to a prehistoric Indo-European base *knok signifying ‘high point, ridge’, which also produced Irish cnoc ‘hill’. The use of the verb neck for ‘kiss and cuddle’ dates back at least to the early 19th century.

(Onions) neck nek (back of) that portion of the body lying between head and shoulders OE.; in various transf. uses from XIV. OE. hnecca, corr. to OFris. hnecka, necke, MDu. nac, neche (Du. nek), OHG. (h)nac (G. nacken nape), ON. hnakki nape:- CGerm. (exc. Gothic) *xnak(j)-, repr. IE. *knok-, whence OIr. cnocc, OBret. cnoch hill, elevation (cf. OHG. hnack summit). ¶ In OE. the commoner words for 'neck' were heals (ME. And dial. hals; cf. hawse) and swēora, dial. swire. Hence neckerchief xiv (neche couerchef, neckerchef); also (dial.) ne·ckercher. xv; 'see kercher and cf. handkerchief. So ne·ckha:ndkerchief. xvii. necklace ne·klis ornament of precious stones or metal, etc. worn round the neck. xvi. ne·ck-verse verse (esp. the beginning of Psalm l[i]) to be recited by one claiming benefit of clergy in order to save his neck.

(American Heritage) neck (nĕk) n. 1. The part of the body joining the head to the shoulders or trunk. 2. The part of a garment around or near the neck. 3. Anatomy. a. A narrow or constricted part of a structure, as of a bone or an organ, that joins its parts; a cervix. b. The part of a tooth between the crown and the root. 4. A relatively narrow elongation, projection, or connecting part: a neck of land; the neck of a flask. 5. Music. The narrow part along which the strings of an instrument extend to the pegs. 6. Geology. Solidified lava filling the vent of an extinct volcano. 7. The siphon of a bivalve mollusk, such as a clam. 8. A narrow margin: won by a neck. — v. necked, neck・ing, necks. — v. intr. Informal. To kiss and caress amorously. — v. tr. To strangle or decapitate (a fowl). [Middle English nekke, from Old English hnecca.] —neckʹless adj.

(OED) neck

Variant forms

α. Old English–early Middle English hnecca, late Old English–early Middle English, necca, early Middle English hnencca (transmission error), Middle English–1500s, nec, neke, nekk, nekke, Middle English–1600s necke, Middle English–1600s; 1700s (English regional (Lancashire)) nek, Middle English– neck, 1500s neeke, 1600s neeck, neek

Scottish pre-1700 neak, neak, nec, necc, neke, nekk, pre-1700; 1700s neek, pre-1700; 1700s– neck, nek

β. Middle English nhicke (south-eastern), nihcke (transmission error), nycke (south-eastern), nykke (south-eastern), 1900s– nick (U.S. regional)

γ. Middle English nak, nake, nakke

Scottish pre-1700 nak, 1900s– nack

δ. U.S. regional 1800s naik, 1800s– nake

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian hnekka, Middle Dutch nec, necke (Dutch nek); compare also the collective formation Middle High German genicke, German Genick, and (apparently from a variant of the same Germanic base) Middle Dutch nac, nack, nacke, Old High German hnacch, hnach, nach (Middle High German nac, nacke, German Nacken), Old Icelandic hnakki, Old Swedish nakke (Swedish nacke), Danish nakke; further etymology uncertain, perhaps compare Early Irish cnocc hill, elevation (see knock n.2), Tocharian A kñuk neck, nape (the connection of which with the Germanic forms is semantically attractive, but presents phonological problems).

1. Senses denoting a part of the body, and related uses.

1.a. Originally: the back portion of the part of the body between the head and the shoulders; the nape. Later: the whole of this part of the body; the part connecting the head with the rest of the body.

I.1.b. † As the part of the body on which burdens or other articles are carried. Obsolete.

I.1.c. The part of the spine in the neck; the cervical vertebrae collectively. Chiefly as object of the verb break.

I.1.d. † Applied to the head (in contexts relating to its removal from the rest of the body). Obsolete.

I.1.e. colloquial. The throat or gullet; esp. in to get (also pour, put) (something) down one's neck: to drink (esp. alcoholic drink); (also, occasionally) to eat. Cf. neck v.1 3.

I.2.a. The flesh of the neck of an animal as a cut of meat, esp. of beef, veal, mutton, or lamb.

I.2.b. † The skin from the neck of an animal. Obsolete. rare.

I.2.c. Australian and New Zealand. The wool shorn from the neck of a sheep.

I.3. That part of a garment which covers, or lies next to, the neck.

I.4. Horse Racing. The length of a horse's neck, used as a measurement of the distance separating two horses at the finishing line of a race; esp. in (to win or lose) by a neck. Also figurative and in extended use. Cf. neck and neck at Phrases P.10.

1. In extended uses, applied to parts of things having some resemblance to the neck.

II.5. The narrow part of a vessel, passage, cavity, etc.

II.5.a. Anatomy. A constricted or narrow part at one end of a saccular organ or structure, esp. the bladder or the uterus (cf. cervix n.). Also: a narrow part of a tubular structure (now rare).

II.5.b. The part of a bottle or other container next to its opening, esp. when relatively narrow or tapering; a narrow part of a passage, cavity, channel, etc.

II.5.c. † Fortification. The narrow part of a bastion or embrasure. Obsolete.

II.5.d. † A pass between hills or mountains; the narrow part of a mountain pass. Obsolete.

II.5.e. A narrow channel or inlet of water; the narrow part of a sound, etc.

II.5.f. Botany. The narrow upper part of an archegonium or other flask-shaped fruiting body.

II.5.g. Histology. The part of a gastric gland located just beneath its opening into a gastric pit (foveola).

II.6.a. A narrow or constricted part in an implement, instrument, or other manufactured article; a connecting part between two portions of a thing.

II.6.b. Gunnery. Of a cannon: (a) The part immediately behind the swell of the muzzle; (b) the narrow part connecting the cascabel with the breech. Now rare and chiefly historical.

II.6.c. Music. The narrow part of a stringed instrument that bears the fingerboard.

II.6.d. Architecture. The lower part of a capital, lying immediately above the astragal terminating the shaft of the column; = necking n.2 1a.

II.7.a. A narrow piece of land with water on each side; an isthmus or narrow promontory.

II.7.b. Originally U.S. A narrow stretch of wood, pasture, ice, etc. Now usually in neck of the woods: a settlement in wooded country, or a small or remotely situated community; (hence more generally) a district, neighbourhood, or region. in this neck of the woods: in this vicinity, around here (also used elliptically). Formerly also †neck of timber.

II.7.c. Geology. More fully volcanic neck. A column of solidified igneous rock or consolidated rock fragments filling a volcanic vent, esp. when exposed by erosion.

II.8. Anatomy.

II.8.a. A narrow or constricted part of a bone (usually adjacent to its head or other expanded part); esp. the part of the femur connecting the head and the shaft.

II.8.b. The slightly constricted junction between the crown and roots of a tooth.

II.9. Botany. A narrow or constricted supporting or connecting part in a plant; esp. (a) The part of a bulb or corm where the leaves and stem emerge; (b) the slightly constricted junction between the roots and the stem.

II.10. to run to (also into) neck: (of an onion plant) to put on excessive growth at the neck of the bulb, to make an excessively thick neck. rare.

Phrases

Phrases and allusive uses.

P.1.

P.1.a. Used (with reference to sense I.1b) in contexts implying subjugation to or delivery from a discipline, an oppressive force, a burden, etc.

P.1.b. In contexts implying resistance, submission, or obstinacy. Now chiefly (colloquial): impudence, effrontery; frequently in to have the (also a) neck (to). Cf. nerve n. III.14b and stiff-necked adj.

P.1.c. † In contexts denoting the attack of an assailant, the imposition of a burden, or the laying of a charge, upon a person. Also in extended use. Obsolete.

P.2.

P.2.a. Used with reference to the neck as the means by which a person is killed, esp. by hanging or beheading. Now usually in to risk (also save) one's neck.

P.2.b. colloquial. to get (also catch, take) it in the neck: to be hit hard (by something); to be severely reprimanded or punished. to give it in the neck: to assault or reprimand (someone) severely.

P.3. to fall (also sob, weep) upon a person's neck and variants: to embrace (a person), esp. in seeking comfort.

P.4. to make a long neck: see long neck n. 1.

P.5. in (also on, upon) the neck (of): on the top of; immediately upon or after(wards); esp. (one) in (also on) the neck of another. regional in later use.

P.6. to break the neck of.

P.6.a. † To destroy, finish; to bring to an end. Obsolete.

P.6.b. To counteract or annul the chief force or main effect of; to finish the main part of; = to break the back of at back n.1 VI.24a. Now rare.

P.7.

P.7.a. † neck over head: headlong. Obsolete. rare.

P.7.b. neck and heels: = neck and crop at Phrases P.7c. Cf. to tie (also †lay) neck and heels at Phrases P.8. Now rare (British regional in later use).

P.7.c. neck and crop: bodily; totally; altogether. Also as adj.

P.8. to tie (also †lay) neck and heels: to confine or bind securely. Also †to lie neck and heels and figurative.

P.9. to hang round (also about) (someone's) neck.

P.9.a. To be very close or devoted to (a person). Now rare, except as merging with Phrases P.9b.

P.9.b. To be a burden, unwanted responsibility, or hindrance to (a person). Esp. in early use, of a woman. Also to be around (also round) (someone's) neck.

P.10. neck and neck (also with hyphens).

P.10.a. Originally of horses in a race: keeping level, neither falling behind nor getting ahead of each other. Hence in extended use (of two or more contestants): level in a race, competition, or comparison.

P.10.b. As adj. (attributive). Close; closely contested.

P.10.c. † As n. Exact coincidence; synchronicity. Obsolete. rare.

P.11. neck or nothing (occasionally neck or nought).

P.11.a. Expressing determination and readiness to venture everything or to take all risks. Also as n.: a situation requiring such determination.

P.11.b. As adj. (attributive). Usually with hyphen. Of persons or actions: headstrong; reckless; rash.

P.12.

P.12.a. up to one's (also †the) neck (in): fully immersed, occupied, or implicated (in some undertaking or transaction, frequently illegal).

P.12.b. (up) to the neck: to the point where no more can be taken, to the top. Also figurative, esp. as fed (up) to the neck: satiated, completely tired or bored (with something) (cf. fed adj. 3).

P.13. colloquial. to talk through (the back of) one's neck and variants: to use extravagant words or language not substantiated by fact; to talk nonsense.

P.14. Originally Australian. neck-to-knee(s): (of a swimsuit) covering the body from the neck to the thigh. Also as n.: such a swimsuit.

P.15. dead from the neck up: see dead adj., n., & adv. Phrases P.16.

P.16. to stick (also put) one's neck out: to expose oneself to danger, reprisal, criticism, etc.

P.17. figurative to break one's neck: to work extremely hard; to make a great effort; to exhaust oneself.

P.18. to breathe down (the back of) (someone's) neck: to be overbearingly close behind (someone); (figurative) to keep a close or oppressive watch upon (a person).

P.19. out on one's neck: dismissed or ejected ignominiously; = out on one's ear at ear n.1 Phrases P.1l.

(Online Etymology) neck (n.) "that part of an animal body between the head and the trunk and which connects those parts," Middle English nekke, from Old English hnecca "neck, nape, back of the neck" (a fairly rare word) from Proto-Germanic *hnekk- "the nape of the neck" (source also of Old Frisian hnekka, Middle Dutch necke, Dutch nek, Old Norse hnakkr, Old High German hnach, German Nacken "neck"), with no certain cognates outside Germanic, though Klein's sources suggest PIE *knok- "high point, ridge" (source of Old Irish cnocc, Welsh cnwch, Old Breton cnoch "hill").

The more usual Old English words were hals (the general Germanic word, cognate with Gothic, Old Norse, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, German hals), from Proto-Germanic *halsaz, which is perhaps cognate with Latin collum (see collar (n.)); and sweora, swira "neck, nape," probably also from a PIE root meaning "column" (cognate with Old English swer "column," Sanskrit svaru- "post").

neck - கலைச்சொற்கள்

coned neck - " கூம்பிய-கழுத்து"; bottleneck - "முட்டுப்பாடு".

அருங்கலைச்சொல் அகரமுதலி (2002)

goose neck - வாத்துக் கழுத்து.

அறிவியல் கலைச்சொல்லகராதி: (1997)

bottle-neck - போக்குவரத்து நெருக்கடி இடம், உற்பத்தி முதலியவற்றின் வளர்ச்சித்தடை நிலை; swan-neck - வெளிச்செல் நீர்க்குழாயின் வளைமூக்கு; rubber-neck - பிறர் செய்தி அறியும் ஆவலர்; leather-neck - கப்பலோட்டிகள் வழக்கில் படைவீரன், கடற்படைவீரன்; deer-neck - குதிரைகள் வகையில் மெலிந்த வடிவமைதி அற்ற கழுத்து; stiff-neck - கழுத்துப் பிடிப்பு நோய், குளிர் கடுங் காற்றால் வரும் கழுத்து இறுக்கம், பிடிவாதமுடையவர்; ring-neck - மணிப்புறா, மணிக்குருவி,;  கழுத்தில் வளையம் போன்ற அடையாளமுடைய குருவிவகை; neck-verse - தலை காக்கும் பாடல், திருச்சபைக் காப்புரிமையுடையவர் கொலைத் தண்டணையிலிருந்து தவிர்ப்புப் பெற வாசிக்கப்படும் விவிலியப் பாடல் வாசகம்.

ஆங்கிலம் - தமிழ்ச் சொற்களஞ்சியம் (2010)

neck tie diagram - கழுத்துக் கச்சை வரைபடம்; neck of mandible - கீழ்த்தாடைக் கழுத்து, சுபுகக் கழுத்து; neck of radius - ஆரக் கழுத்து; anatomical neck of humerus - மேற்கையெலும்புக் (உடற்கூறியல்) கழுத்து; neck of the first two ribs - முதல் இரண்டு விலா எலும்புகளின் கழுத்து; neck retraction - கழுத்து இழிவு; cutaneous of neck nerve - கழுத்துத் தோல் நரம்பு; surgical neck of humerus - மேல்கை எலும்பின் அறுவைக் கழுத்து; neck of femur - இடுப்பெலும்பு, கவானக் கழுத்து; neck of pancreas - கணையக் கழுத்து; neck of rib - பழுக் கழுத்து, விலாக்கழுத்து; anterior cutaneous of neck nerve - முன் கழுத்துத் தோல் நரம்பு; neck of uterus - கந்தரம், கருப்பைக் கழுத்து; cervical canal (in the neck) - கண்டக் கால்வாய் (குறிப்பாக, உடலின் கழுத்தைக் குறிக்கும் போது); bladder neck obstruction - சிறுநீர்ப்பைக் கழுத்தடைப்பு; transverse cutaneous of neck nerve - குறுக்குக் கழுத்துத் தோல் நரம்பு; neck canal nucleus - கழுத்துக் கால்வாய் உட்கரு; neck canal cell - கழுத்துக் கால்வாய் உயிரணு; gray mold neck rot of onion - வெங்காயத்தின் சாம்பல் கழுத்து அழுகல்நோய்; limber neck - கழுத்துப்பிடிப்பு நோய்; neck chain – கழுத்துச்சங்கிலி; crooked neck - வளைவுற்ற கழுத்து; neck cutoff - மிகுகோண வளைவு; choked neck - குறுகிய கழுத்துப்பகுதி; volcanic neck - எரிமலைக் கழுத்து; neck-in - பிதுக்கம் உள்வாங்கல்; bottle neck – நெரிசல்; sprayer with goose neck nozzle - வளை நாசி கைத்தெளிப்பான்; neck infection - கதிர்க் காம்பு நோய்; square neck line - சதுரக் கழுத்துக் கோடு; swan neck - அன்னம்போன்ற கழுத்து; neck kerchief - கழுத்துக் கைக்குட்டை; neck cloth - கழுத்துத் துணி; neck line - கழுத்து வரி, கழுத்துக்கோடு; neck opening - ஆடையின் கழுத்துவழி திறப்பு; neck edge binding - கழுத்தின் ஓரத்தை உறுதிப்படுத்துதல்; asymmetrical toxic neck reflex (antr) - சமச்சீரற்ற குரலோசை மறிவினை; shoulder neck point - தோள், கழுத்து சேருமிடம்; stiff neck - கழுத்துப் பிடிப்பு; neck lace - கழுத்து மாலை; neck curve - கழுத்து வளைவு; neck line zipper - கழுத்துவழி திறப்பான்; neck edge - கழுத்தின் ஓரம்; neck reflex - கழுத்து அசைவு; neck finish - கழுத்து முடிப்பு.

கலைச்சொல் பேரகராதி, தொகுதி 1

PINK-COLLAR (adj.)

(American Heritage) pink-col・lar (pĭnkʹkŏlʹәr) adj. Of or relating to a class of jobs, such as typist or telephone operator, once traditionally filled by women.

(OED) pink-collar 

Etymons: pink n.5 & adj.2, collar n.

<pink n.5 & adj.2 + collar n. After blue-collar adj., white-collar adj..

Originally and chiefly U.S.

Of, designating, or relating to employment traditionally associated with women (as nursing, hairdressing, secretarial work, etc.), or workers engaged in such employment.

(Online Etymology) pink-collar (adj.) in reference to jobs generally held by women, 1977, from pink (adj.), considered a characteristically feminine color, + collar (n.). Compare blue-collar, white-collar.

TORTICOLLIS

(Onions) torticollis (path.) wry-neck. xix. - modL., f. L. tortus + collum neck; see prec. and collar.

(American Heritage) tor·ti·col·lis (torʹtĭ-kŏlʹĭs) n. A contracted state of the neck muscles producing an unnatural position of the head. Also called wryneck [New Latin: Latin tortus, twisted, past participle of torquēre, to twist; see terkw- in Appendix + collum, neck; see k^wel-¹ in Appendix.] —torʹti·colʹlar (-kŏlʹәr) adj.

(OED) Torticollis

modern Latin, < Latin tortus crooked, twisted + collum neck. Compare obsolete French torticolis.

Pathology.

A rheumatic or other affection of the muscles of the neck, in which it is so twisted as to keep the head turned to one side; wry-neck.

(Online Etymology) torticollis (n.) wryneck, 1811, Modern Latin, from Latin tortus "crooked, twisted," from torquere "to twist" (from PIE root *terkw- "to twist") + collum "neck" (see collar (n.)), from PIE root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round."

 WHITE-COLLAR (ADJ.)

(Chambers) -white-collar adj. of or pertaining to workers of a business or professional class (1921, American English).

(American Heritage) white-col·lar (hwītʹkŏlʹәr, wītʹ-) adj. Of or relating to workers whose work usually does not involve manual labor and who are often expected to dress with a degree of formality.

(OED) white-collar (adj.)

Etymons: white adj., collar n.

< white adj. + collar n., with reference to the white collar characteristically worn by people engaged in office work.

 Compare blue-collar n., blue-collar adj., and (with the use as adjective) earlier white-collared adj.

Originally U.S.

noun

1. As two words. A white collar regarded as characteristic of those engaged in non-manual work.
2. A person engaged in non-manual work, esp. in office work of an administrative, managerial, or clerical nature; an office worker. Opposed to blue-collarn.

adjective

Of or relating to non-manual work or workers, esp. office work of an administrative, managerial, or clerical nature. Of a person: employed in such work. Cf. blue-collar adj. A.2.

(Online Etymology) white-collar (adj.) by 1911, perhaps 1909, from white (adj.) + collar (n.).